Science & Technology GK Questions with Answers – Page 18

Each word carries meaning: generative, because the model produces new text rather than only sorting what it is shown; pre-trained, because it first learns general language from a very large body of text before being adapted to particular tasks; and transformer, the neural network architecture, built on an attention mechanism…

The correct answer is B, NITI Aayog, which published the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence in June 2018 under the slogan AI for All, and identified five priority sectors: healthcare, agriculture, education, smart cities and infrastructure, and smart mobility and transportation.

The correct answer is C, AlphaGo, built by DeepMind, which beat the South Korean Go champion Lee Sedol in a five-game match in 2016; the victory mattered because Go has far more possible positions than chess, so brute-force search alone cannot win and the program relied on deep neural networks…

The Cabinet decision of 7 March 2024 named this division as the implementing agency for all seven components of the mission.

The approved mission has seven components: IndiaAI Compute Capacity, the IndiaAI Innovation Centre, the IndiaAI Datasets Platform, the IndiaAI Application Development Initiative, IndiaAI FutureSkills, IndiaAI Startup Financing, and Safe and Trusted AI.

The Union Cabinet approved the IndiaAI Mission on 7 March 2024 with an outlay of 10,371.92 crore rupees, to be spent across its seven components, and the mission is run by the IndiaAI Independent Business Division under the Digital India Corporation in the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.

Here every training example carries the right answer, its label, and the model learns the mapping from input to label, which is how spam filters, handwriting readers and credit-scoring models are built.

Alan Turing set out the imitation game in his paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence, published in 1950 in the journal Mind; a machine passes if a human judge, exchanging only typed messages, cannot tell it from a human being.

He coined the phrase artificial intelligence in the proposal for a summer research workshop held at Dartmouth College in 1956, and that conference is treated as the moment the subject was founded; McCarthy also created the LISP programming language and is commonly called the father of artificial intelligence.

Heating a semiconductor gives more electrons enough energy to cross the forbidden gap into the conduction band, and each one that crosses leaves a hole behind, so the number of charge carriers rises sharply and the resistance falls; a semiconductor therefore has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance.

The Semi-Conductor Laboratory at Mohali in Punjab works under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and is India's own fabrication unit, producing chips at an older process node for strategic users such as the Indian Space Research Organisation and the Defence Research and Development Organisation rather than for the…

Chip making has three broad stages: design, which is done by fabless companies and design houses; fabrication, in which circuits are built on a silicon wafer in a fab; and the back end, in which the wafer is cut into individual chips that are then assembled, tested, marked and packaged…

The India Semiconductor Mission was set up to carry out the Semicon India programme, which the Union Cabinet approved in December 2021 with an outlay of 76,000 crore rupees, and it works as a specialised division under this ministry, handling the schemes for semiconductor fabs, display fabs, compound semiconductor and…

Gordon Moore, a co-founder of Intel, observed in 1965 that the number of components that could be packed economically into an integrated circuit was doubling at a steady rate, and the observation, later quoted as a doubling roughly every two years, became the planning rule of the whole industry.

Beta is the current gain of a bipolar junction transistor in the common emitter configuration: a very small change in the base current produces a much larger change in the collector current, and the ratio of the two is beta, which commonly lies between about twenty and several hundred.

In a bipolar junction transistor the emitter injects carriers, the thin lightly doped base lets most of them through, and the collector gathers them, so the emitter current divides into a large collector current and a small base current; alpha is defined as the collector current divided by the emitter…

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley built the first working transistor at Bell Laboratories in the United States in 1947, and the three shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 for the discovery of the transistor effect; the device replaced the bulky vacuum tube and made all later…

A trivalent dopant such as boron, aluminium, gallium or indium forms only three covalent bonds with the surrounding silicon atoms, leaving one bond incomplete; that vacancy behaves as a mobile positive carrier called a hole, and holes therefore become the majority carriers while thermally generated electrons remain the minority carriers.

Silicon has four valence electrons, so adding a pentavalent atom such as phosphorus, arsenic, antimony or bismuth leaves one electron over after four bonds are formed; that spare electron is loosely held and becomes a free carrier, making electrons the majority carriers and the crystal n-type.

In an intrinsic, that is a chemically pure, semiconductor every free electron is produced by breaking a covalent bond, and breaking a bond leaves behind exactly one hole, so electrons and holes are created strictly in pairs and their concentrations must be equal.