Science & Technology GK Notes
हिंदी में पढ़ेंISRO and space missions, defence technology, nuclear energy, biotechnology, AI, semiconductors and new technology.
36 topics502 MCQs128 previous-year questions77 quizzesUpdated
Science and Technology here means the applied science that exams take from India's programmes and policies, rather than school-level General Science. The topics open with ISRO Launch Vehicles: PSLV, GSLV and LVM3, Indian Satellites and NavIC, the Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan missions, Gaganyaan and Human Spaceflight, and Aditya-L1. Then come DRDO and Defence Technology, the Missile Systems of India, the Nuclear Programme of India, Biotechnology in Agriculture and Health, Artificial Intelligence and the IndiaAI Mission, the National Quantum Mission, Green Hydrogen, and Cyber Security and Digital Public Infrastructure.
SSC CGL, CHSL and MTS, RRB NTPC, ALP and Group D ask it as direct facts: which rocket carried a satellite, the range class of a missile, or a vaccine's name. UPSC Prelims and state PSC papers go a level deeper and ask the purpose of a mission, the science behind a technology or which ministry runs a scheme. New launches and tests arrive every month, so the subject is a fixed base of facts plus a current-affairs layer.
Use the topic-wise notes in syllabus order and finish each topic with its practice MCQs. Previous-year questions are tagged with the exam and year, so you can see whether SSC, RRB or UPSC has asked about a mission and how. Mixed quiz sets cover every topic together for revision, and GK24 publishes each note in English and Hindi.
Topic-wise notes
- 1
ISRO Launch Vehicles: PSLV, GSLV and LVM3
India's launch vehicles from SLV-3 and ASLV to PSLV, GSLV Mk II, LVM3 and SSLV: their stages, propellants, payload capacity, launch site and the missions each has carried.
11 MCQs1 previous-year questions
- 2
Indian Satellites and NavIC
Aryabhata, APPLE, the INSAT, GSAT and IRS families, Kalpana-1, EDUSAT, Astrosat and Aditya-L1, and the NavIC navigation system with its orbits, services, accuracy and uses.
12 MCQs2 previous-year questions
- 3
Lunar and Mars Missions: Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan
Chandrayaan 1, 2 and 3 and the Mars Orbiter Mission: launch dates, rockets, payloads, landers, rovers, findings and the records these missions set, as exams ask them.
15 MCQs3 previous-year questions
- 4
Gaganyaan and Human Spaceflight
India's crewed spaceflight programme: the orbital module, the human-rated LVM3, the crew escape system, the abort tests, the astronaut-designates and Indians in space.
14 MCQs2 previous-year questions
- 5
Aditya-L1 and Space Science Missions
The Indian solar mission Aditya-L1, its launch, the Lagrange point L1 and its payloads, with Chandrayaan, Mangalyaan, AstroSat, Gaganyaan and the milestones exams ask.
11 MCQs5 previous-year questions
- 6
Space Agencies and Missions of the World
ISRO, NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA and CNSA with their headquarters and founding years, the milestones of space flight and the Moon, Mars and Sun missions exams ask about.
16 MCQs5 previous-year questions
- 7
DRDO and Defence Technology
DRDO's founding, its laboratories and the missiles, tanks, aircraft, radars and defence systems it has developed, from the IGMDP and BrahMos to Mission Shakti and hypersonic flight.
21 MCQs10 previous-year questions
- 8
Missile Systems of India
India's missiles from the IGMDP of 1983 to Agni, Prithvi, Akash, Nag, Astra, BrahMos and the K series, with ranges, launch platforms and the classification exams ask about.
22 MCQs10 previous-year questions
- 9
Nuclear Programme of India
Bhabha's three stage plan, the atomic energy institutions, the research reactors and power stations, the Pokhran tests and India's position on the NPT and the CTBT.
13 MCQs6 previous-year questions
- 10
Biotechnology in Agriculture and Health
Tools of biotechnology, tissue culture and Bt crops, recombinant insulin and vaccines, gene therapy, biofertilisers, and the Indian regulators from DBT to GEAC.
15 MCQs6 previous-year questions
- 11
Vaccines and Disease Control in India
How vaccines work, their types, the Universal Immunization Programme, the diseases India has eradicated or eliminated, and the organisms behind the diseases exams ask about.
11 MCQs4 previous-year questions
- 12
Semiconductors and the Electronics Mission
Band gaps, doping, diodes and transistors, how a chip is made, and the Semicon India programme with its fab and packaging schemes, as exams ask them.
13 MCQs4 previous-year questions
- 13
Artificial Intelligence and the IndiaAI Mission
What artificial intelligence is, its narrow, general and super types, machine learning, deep learning and NLP, the landmark machines, and the seven pillars of the IndiaAI Mission, as exams ask them.
12 MCQs2 previous-year questions
- 14
Quantum Technology and the National Quantum Mission
Qubits, superposition, entanglement and quantum key distribution explained simply, with the National Quantum Mission, its outlay, targets and the four thematic hubs exams ask about.
12 MCQs2 previous-year questions
- 15
Telecom: 4G, 5G and 6G
Mobile generations from 1G to 6G, the IMT standards, 5G targets and service categories, India's spectrum bands, optical fibre and BharatNet, as exams ask them.
14 MCQs6 previous-year questions
- 16
Supercomputers of India
PARAM 8000 and C-DAC, the National Supercomputing Mission and its PARAM machines, Pratyush and Mihir, SAGA-220 and AIRAWAT, with the facts SSC, Railway, Defence and State exams ask.
13 MCQs4 previous-year questions
- 17
Green Hydrogen and Clean Energy Technology
Electrolysis, the colour codes of hydrogen, fuel cells, the National Green Hydrogen Mission with its outlay and 2030 targets, the Indian green hydrogen standard and India's clean energy commitments.
15 MCQs5 previous-year questions
- 18
Nanotechnology and New Materials
The nanoscale and why matter changes there, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, quantum dots, shape memory alloys, aerogels and superconductors, with India's Nano Mission.
14 MCQs2 previous-year questions
- 19
Drones, Robotics and Automation
How drones, robots and automated systems work, the Drone Rules of 2021 and their weight classes, Indian drones and robots, and the terms exams ask about.
13 MCQs2 previous-year questions
- 20
Science Policy and Research Funding in India
How India states and pays for its research: the policies of 1958, 1983, 2003 and 2013, the departments and councils, the ANRF, the main fellowships and the facts exams ask.
13 MCQs1 previous-year questions
- 21
Defence Aircraft, Ships and Submarines
The aircraft, helicopters, carriers, destroyers, frigates and submarines of the Indian armed forces, with the agency or shipyard behind each and the class and project numbers exams ask for.
16 MCQs6 previous-year questions
- 22
Cyber Security and Digital Public Infrastructure
Cyber attacks and defences, the IT Act 2000 and its key sections, CERT-In, NCIIPC, I4C, the data protection law and India Stack, for UPSC, SSC and Railway exams.
12 MCQs2 previous-year questions
- 23
Indian Scientists and Their Contributions
Raman, Bhabha, Sarabhai, Chandrasekhar, Khorana, Ramanujan, Saha, Bose and the others: the discovery, the institution and the prize attached to each name, as exams ask them.
12 MCQs1 previous-year questions
- 24
Quality Standards and Certification Marks: ISI, Agmark and Hallmark
India’s certification marks for exams: the ISI mark and BIS, hallmarking and gold fineness, Agmark, the FSSAI licence and food symbols, Eco Mark, Silk Mark and BEE star ratings.
13 MCQs2 previous-year questions
- 25
Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Basics
How a blockchain stores and secures records, hashing and consensus, bitcoin and ether, smart contracts, the taxation of virtual digital assets in India and the digital rupee, for competitive exams.
19 MCQs7 previous-year questions
- 26
Types of Satellite Orbits and Space Debris
Low, medium and geostationary orbits, sun-synchronous and transfer orbits, graveyard orbits and Lagrange points, with space debris, the Kessler Syndrome and India's tracking and mitigation work.
12 MCQs
- 27
India's Polar and Ocean Research: Antarctic Stations and the Deep Ocean Mission
India's Antarctic and Arctic stations, NCPOR, the Antarctic Treaty and the Indian Antarctic Act, the Deep Ocean Mission, Samudrayaan with Matsya-6000, polymetallic nodules and ocean research vessels.
13 MCQs1 previous-year questions
- 28
Medical Diagnostic Technology: X-Ray, CT Scan, MRI and Ultrasound
The physics behind X-rays, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and PET, their units, Nobel Prizes, contrast agents, safety and the PCPNDT Act.
12 MCQs1 previous-year questions
- 29
Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology
Types of electric vehicle, the drivetrain and regenerative braking, how a lithium-ion cell works, LFP and NMC chemistry, charging standards, FAME and PLI schemes and the critical minerals question.
14 MCQs2 previous-year questions
- 30
Railway Technology: Kavach, Vande Bharat and High-Speed Rail
Kavach the indigenous train protection system, the Vande Bharat train set, the Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed corridor, LHB coaches, freight corridors and landmark rail bridges.
13 MCQs1 previous-year questions
- 31
Genomics, DNA Fingerprinting and Gene Editing (CRISPR)
DNA structure, genome sequencing projects, how DNA fingerprinting identifies a person, and gene editing with CRISPR-Cas9, with the names, years and Nobel prizes exams ask.
19 MCQs9 previous-year questions
- 32
Telescopes and Observatories of India
India's radio, optical, infrared and solar observatories with their sites and sizes, from GMRT and Devasthal to Hanle, Kavalur and Kodaikanal, plus AstroSat, Aditya-L1 and the Jantar Mantar.
11 MCQs1 previous-year questions
- 33
Biofuels and Ethanol Blending
Generations of biofuel, ethanol blending and the E20 target, biodiesel, biogas and compressed bio-gas, SATAT, GOBARdhan, PM JI-VAN and the National Policy on Biofuels.
16 MCQs4 previous-year questions
- 34
India's Private Space Sector: IN-SPACe, NSIL and Start-ups
How India opened space to private companies: the roles of ISRO, IN-SPACe and NSIL, the Indian Space Policy, the FDI limits and the start-ups behind Vikram-S and Agnibaan.
11 MCQs
- 35
Mega Science Projects: ITER, CERN, LIGO-India and the Neutrino Observatory
CERN and the LHC, the ITER fusion tokamak, LIGO and LIGO-India at Hingoli and the neutrino observatory at Theni, with India role in each as exams ask it.
14 MCQs6 previous-year questions
- 36
3D Printing, AR, VR and the Metaverse
Additive manufacturing and its processes, the STL file and its pioneers, augmented and virtual reality, extended reality, digital twins, the metaverse, and India's additive manufacturing strategy.
13 MCQs1 previous-year questions
Frequently Asked Questions
Which Science and Technology topics matter most for SSC CGL?
ISRO's launch vehicles and major missions such as Chandrayaan, Mangalyaan, Aditya-L1 and Gaganyaan, DRDO missiles and their categories, India's nuclear power plants and research centres, supercomputers, vaccines developed in India, and the names of new government missions on AI, quantum technology and semiconductors. SSC asks these as one-line facts, usually tied to something in the news in the year before the exam, so pair the notes with current affairs.
What kind of Science and Technology questions come in RRB NTPC and Group D?
Railway papers keep it factual: the full form of ISRO or DRDO, the launch vehicle used for a well-known mission, the first Indian satellite, the name of a missile or a submarine, the location of a nuclear plant or a space centre, and recent achievements such as a lunar landing or a human spaceflight test. General Science gets more questions than technology in these exams, so cover the basics here and spend the rest of your time on science.
Is Science and Technology important for UPSC Prelims?
Yes. The General Studies Paper I syllabus includes general science, and a steady share of questions each year comes from developments in space, defence, biotechnology, IT, energy and health. UPSC asks how a technology works and why it matters, not just names: what a launch vehicle's stages do, what NavIC provides, how green hydrogen is produced, or what a quantum mission aims at. Read the notes for the concept, then follow the news for applications.
How is Science and Technology different from General Science?
General Science is the school syllabus: physics, chemistry and biology concepts such as units, acids and bases, the human body and diseases. Science and Technology is about applications and institutions: ISRO, DRDO, nuclear energy, biotechnology, AI and telecom, and the missions and policies of the Indian government. Most exams ask both, with General Science carrying more questions in SSC and railway papers and Science and Technology weighing more in UPSC and state PSC.
How do I keep my Science and Technology notes up to date?
Treat the topic notes as the fixed base: launch vehicle families, mission names and purposes, missile types, nuclear plants, major missions and Acts. On top of that, add each month's new launches, tests, approvals and awards from current affairs to the matching topic. Before an exam, revise the base from the notes and the last year of additions together, and use the previous-year questions to see which kind of development each exam tends to pick.
Are ISRO missions asked in bank exams?
Yes, mainly as current affairs. IBPS, SBI and RBI papers ask about recent launches: the mission name, the launch vehicle, the launch site, the satellite's purpose and any foreign partner. Older static facts about ISRO, such as its founding year or its centres, appear less often. If you are preparing for a bank exam, read the space topics here once for background and then track new launches in current affairs.