Which computer program defeated the Go champion Lee Sedol in 2016?

The correct answer is B, John McCarthy. He coined the phrase artificial intelligence in the proposal for a summer research workshop held at Dartmouth College in 1956, and that conference is treated as the moment the subject was founded; McCarthy also created the LISP programming language and is commonly called the father of artificial intelligence. Option A is wrong because Alan Turing, though he asked whether machines can think and gave the Turing Test in 1950, never used the phrase itself; the field was named six years after his paper. Option C is wrong because Marvin Minsky, a major figure who attended the same Dartmouth meeting and later founded the MIT AI laboratory, did not coin the term. Option D is wrong because Joseph Weizenbaum is remembered for ELIZA, the first conversational program, written in the mid-1960s.

The correct answer is C, 1950. Alan Turing set out the imitation game in his paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence, published in 1950 in the journal Mind; a machine passes if a human judge, exchanging only typed messages, cannot tell it from a human being. Option A is wrong because 1936 is the year of Turing’s earlier and quite different paper on computable numbers, which described the theoretical Turing machine, the foundation of computability rather than a test for intelligence. Option B is wrong because 1943 is associated with the McCulloch and Pitts model of an artificial neuron, the first mathematical model of a neural network. Option D is wrong because 1956 is the year of the Dartmouth Conference, where the term artificial intelligence was coined. Examiners pair 1950 with the test and 1956 with the name, so keep the two dates apart.

The correct answer is C, supervised learning. Here every training example carries the right answer, its label, and the model learns the mapping from input to label, which is how spam filters, handwriting readers and credit-scoring models are built. Option A is wrong because unsupervised learning is given data without labels and must find structure by itself, typically clustering or dimensionality reduction; customer segmentation is the standard example. Option B is wrong because reinforcement learning has neither labels nor fixed answers: an agent acts in an environment and learns from rewards and penalties, the method behind game-playing programs and robot control. Option D is wrong because transfer learning is not a third style of its own but a technique of reusing a model trained on one task as the starting point for another. Remember the pairing: labels mean supervised, no labels mean unsupervised, rewards mean reinforcement.

The correct answer is A, about Rs 10,372 crore. The Union Cabinet approved the IndiaAI Mission on 7 March 2024 with an outlay of 10,371.92 crore rupees, to be spent across its seven components, and the mission is run by the IndiaAI Independent Business Division under the Digital India Corporation in the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. Option B is wrong because 76,000 crore rupees is the outlay of the Semicon India programme for semiconductor and display manufacturing, approved in December 2021, a figure examiners deliberately place beside this one. Option C is wrong because 1,500 crore rupees is far too small for a mission that has to buy or hire tens of thousands of GPUs. Option D is wrong because 25,000 crore rupees matches no approved outlay for this mission. Learn the pair: IndiaAI about 10,372 crore, Semicon India 76,000 crore.

The correct answer is C, seven. The approved mission has seven components: IndiaAI Compute Capacity, the IndiaAI Innovation Centre, the IndiaAI Datasets Platform, the IndiaAI Application Development Initiative, IndiaAI FutureSkills, IndiaAI Startup Financing, and Safe and Trusted AI. Option A is wrong, and five is a tempting answer because NITI Aayog’s National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence of 2018 named five focus sectors, namely healthcare, agriculture, education, smart cities and infrastructure, and smart mobility; that five belongs to the strategy, not to the mission. Option B is wrong because six leaves one pillar out, usually Safe and Trusted AI, which is the one most often asked about separately. Option D is wrong because nine matches no official list. The safe way to remember it is compute, models, data, applications, skills, money and safety, which is exactly seven.