Science & Technology GK Questions with Answers – Page 16

C-DAC was set up at Pune in 1988 as a scientific society of the central government, with the specific task of designing an Indian supercomputer after the United States declined to supply the Cray machine India had sought for weather forecasting.

He was the founding Director General of the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, set up at Pune in 1988, and he led the team that delivered PARAM 8000 in 1991.

PARAM Ganga was set up at IIT Roorkee in 2022 under the second phase of the National Supercomputing Mission, and it was designed and installed by C-DAC.

PARAM Shivay was commissioned in 2019 at the Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, and it was the first supercomputer assembled within India under the National Supercomputing Mission.

PARAM 8000 was built by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing at Pune and was unveiled in 1991, three years after C-DAC itself was set up in 1988.

The transmitter of an optical fibre link must be small enough to couple light into a core a few micrometres across, must switch on and off millions or billions of times a second, and must emit in a narrow band of wavelengths; a light-emitting diode meets these conditions, and for…

At the receiving end of an optical fibre link the light pulses must be turned back into an electrical signal, and that is the work of a photodiode, a reverse-biased junction in which incident photons generate charge carriers and so a current proportional to the light falling on it; PIN…

A fibre-to-the-home connection runs from the operator's equipment to the subscriber's premises over a distance of kilometres, and for such runs single-mode fibre is used: its core is only a few micrometres wide, so light travels along one path, there is no spreading of the pulse from different paths arriving…

In an optical fibre the glass core has a higher refractive index than the cladding around it, so light that meets the core-cladding boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle is reflected entirely back into the core instead of passing out, and it travels along the fibre in…

The International Telecommunication Union has adopted the framework recommendation for IMT-2030, which describes what 6G should achieve: terahertz and other very high frequency bands, latency below a millisecond, artificial intelligence built into the network, communication combined with sensing, satellite-extended coverage and better energy efficiency.

TRAI was set up under the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997, to regulate telecom services, fix tariffs and protect the interests of consumers once private operators entered the field.

The first mobile telephone call in India was made on 31 July 1995 between Kolkata and New Delhi, a year after the National Telecom Policy of 1994 opened mobile services to private operators.

The three categories actually defined are given in the other options.

Under IMT-2020 the peak downlink data rate for 5G is set at 20 gigabits a second, with 10 gigabits a second in the uplink; these are laboratory peaks under ideal conditions, not the speed a subscriber sees, and the separate target for the user experienced rate is 100 megabits a…

LTE is the radio technology through which 4G was delivered; the name was chosen because it was presented as the long-term evolution of the earlier 3G standards rather than a break with them.

The International Telecommunication Union names each generation of mobile telephony by a standard family, and 5G is IMT-2020, whose requirements include a peak downlink rate of 20 Gbps, a user experienced rate of 100 Mbps, one millisecond of air interface latency and a million connected devices in a square kilometre.

Commercial 5G services began in India on 1 October 2022, when they were launched at the India Mobile Congress in New Delhi, following the spectrum auction held earlier that year in the 600 MHz, 700 MHz, 3300 MHz and 26 GHz bands among others.

The four thematic areas, each with its own hub, are quantum computing at the Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru, quantum communication at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, quantum sensing and metrology at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, and quantum materials and devices at the Indian Institute of Technology…

Micius was launched in 2016 and was used to demonstrate quantum key distribution between a satellite and ground stations, and entanglement distribution over distances far greater than optical fibre allows, since fibre loses photons rapidly over long runs.

Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard proposed the protocol in that year, and the name BB84 combines their initials with the year.