Indian Polity Previous Year Questions (PYQ) with Answers – Page 21

It was established on 1 July 1862 under the Indian High Courts Act, 1861, which makes it the oldest High Court in India.

Under Article 131, the Supreme Court alone can hear, as a court of first instance, disputes between the Government of India and one or more States, between the Government of India and a State on one side and other States on the other, or between two or more States.

Under Article 124(4), a judge of the Supreme Court can be removed by an order of the President only after each House of Parliament, in the same session, presents an address supported by a majority of its total membership and by two-thirds of the members present and voting, on the…

Article 124(2) says a judge of the Supreme Court shall hold office until he or she attains the age of 65 years.

The Constitution never uses the word "budget"; it speaks instead of the "Annual Financial Statement", a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for the year, which the President causes to be laid before both Houses under Article 112.

When the two Houses disagree on an ordinary bill, because one House rejects it, the Houses disagree on amendments, or more than six months pass without the other House passing it, the President can summon a joint sitting to resolve the deadlock.

The Government of India set up the Sarkaria Commission in June 1983, under Justice R.S. Sarkaria, a retired judge of the Supreme Court, to review the working of Centre-State relations.

India's first National Emergency was proclaimed on 26 October 1962, during the war with China, on the ground of external aggression.

NITI Aayog, the National Institution for Transforming India, was set up on 1 January 2015 by a resolution of the Union Cabinet to replace the Planning Commission, which had existed since 1950.

It provides that the Vice-President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament, elected and nominated alike, by proportional representation through the single transferable vote and by secret ballot.

Article 64 makes the Vice-President the ex officio Chairman of the Council of States, that is, the Rajya Sabha. "Ex officio" means by virtue of the office: nobody elects the Chairman separately.

Droupadi Murmu was elected President in July 2022, defeating Yashwant Sinha, and took the oath on 25 July 2022, succeeding Ram Nath Kovind, the 14th President.

Article 123 lets the President promulgate an ordinance when either House of Parliament is not in session and the President is satisfied that circumstances make immediate action necessary.

Article 51A(f) actually asks citizens "to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture". The word matters: India's culture is described as composite, a blend of many traditions, languages and faiths, not a single unitary culture.

The very first Fundamental Duty asks every citizen to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.

The Right to Freedom of Religion has four Articles: Article 25 gives freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practise and propagate religion; Article 26 lets every religious denomination manage its own religious affairs; Article 27 says no one can be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion…

Article 24 says that no child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.

Article 19(1) gives every citizen six freedoms: speech and expression; to assemble peaceably and without arms; to form associations, unions or co-operative societies; to move freely throughout India; to reside and settle in any part of India; and to practise any profession or carry on any occupation, trade or business.

The ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in the Preamble were taken from France, where they were the watchwords of the French Revolution.

The Preamble opens with the words "We, the people of India", which name the people as the source from which the Constitution draws its authority.