UPSC GK Questions 2026

The eastern districts of Madhya Pradesh, long known as the Chhattisgarh region, were separated under the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000.

Chhattisgarh was carved out of Madhya Pradesh under the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000, becoming the twenty-sixth state of India and the first of the three states created that year.

Heating a semiconductor gives more electrons enough energy to cross the forbidden gap into the conduction band, and each one that crosses leaves a hole behind, so the number of charge carriers rises sharply and the resistance falls; a semiconductor therefore has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance.

The Semi-Conductor Laboratory at Mohali in Punjab works under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and is India's own fabrication unit, producing chips at an older process node for strategic users such as the Indian Space Research Organisation and the Defence Research and Development Organisation rather than for the…

Chip making has three broad stages: design, which is done by fabless companies and design houses; fabrication, in which circuits are built on a silicon wafer in a fab; and the back end, in which the wafer is cut into individual chips that are then assembled, tested, marked and packaged…

The India Semiconductor Mission was set up to carry out the Semicon India programme, which the Union Cabinet approved in December 2021 with an outlay of 76,000 crore rupees, and it works as a specialised division under this ministry, handling the schemes for semiconductor fabs, display fabs, compound semiconductor and…

Gordon Moore, a co-founder of Intel, observed in 1965 that the number of components that could be packed economically into an integrated circuit was doubling at a steady rate, and the observation, later quoted as a doubling roughly every two years, became the planning rule of the whole industry.

Beta is the current gain of a bipolar junction transistor in the common emitter configuration: a very small change in the base current produces a much larger change in the collector current, and the ratio of the two is beta, which commonly lies between about twenty and several hundred.

In a bipolar junction transistor the emitter injects carriers, the thin lightly doped base lets most of them through, and the collector gathers them, so the emitter current divides into a large collector current and a small base current; alpha is defined as the collector current divided by the emitter…

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley built the first working transistor at Bell Laboratories in the United States in 1947, and the three shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 for the discovery of the transistor effect; the device replaced the bulky vacuum tube and made all later…

A trivalent dopant such as boron, aluminium, gallium or indium forms only three covalent bonds with the surrounding silicon atoms, leaving one bond incomplete; that vacancy behaves as a mobile positive carrier called a hole, and holes therefore become the majority carriers while thermally generated electrons remain the minority carriers.

Silicon has four valence electrons, so adding a pentavalent atom such as phosphorus, arsenic, antimony or bismuth leaves one electron over after four bonds are formed; that spare electron is loosely held and becomes a free carrier, making electrons the majority carriers and the crystal n-type.

In an intrinsic, that is a chemically pure, semiconductor every free electron is produced by breaking a covalent bond, and breaking a bond leaves behind exactly one hole, so electrons and holes are created strictly in pairs and their concentrations must be equal.

The energy gap between the valence band and the conduction band decides whether a solid conducts: in silicon the gap is roughly 1.1 electron volts, small enough for heat or light to lift some electrons across it, which is what makes silicon a semiconductor.

Jharkhand is bounded by Bihar to the north, West Bengal to the east, Odisha to the south, Chhattisgarh to the west and Uttar Pradesh to the north-west, so it touches five states, and Madhya Pradesh is not among them.

The Jaduguda mine in the Singhbhum belt began operating in the late nineteen sixties and is India's first and best known uranium mine, worked by the Uranium Corporation of India Limited, whose headquarters is also in the district; the same belt holds the copper mines around Ghatsila and Mosaboni.

Seraikela, in the Seraikela Kharsawan district, gives its name to one of the three recognised styles of Chhau, a masked dance drama inscribed on the UNESCO list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity in 2010; the other two styles are Mayurbhanj in Odisha, which is danced without masks, and…

Sarhul marks the new year for many tribal communities of the Chhotanagpur plateau and is celebrated when the sal tree comes into flower in spring; the village priest offers the first sal blossoms, and only after the festival may the new flowers and fruit of the season be used.

The Damodar Valley Corporation was created by an Act of Parliament in 1948 as independent India's first multipurpose river valley project, built on the American Tennessee Valley Authority model to control the floods of the Damodar, generate power and supply water across what is now Jharkhand and West Bengal; its…

Betla National Park lies in the Latehar district on the Chhotanagpur plateau and forms the core of the Palamu Tiger Reserve, which was among the first group of tiger reserves notified when Project Tiger was launched in 1973 and is often cited as the place where an early census of…