Defence GK Questions 2026

Chip making has three broad stages: design, which is done by fabless companies and design houses; fabrication, in which circuits are built on a silicon wafer in a fab; and the back end, in which the wafer is cut into individual chips that are then assembled, tested, marked and packaged…

The India Semiconductor Mission was set up to carry out the Semicon India programme, which the Union Cabinet approved in December 2021 with an outlay of 76,000 crore rupees, and it works as a specialised division under this ministry, handling the schemes for semiconductor fabs, display fabs, compound semiconductor and…

Gordon Moore, a co-founder of Intel, observed in 1965 that the number of components that could be packed economically into an integrated circuit was doubling at a steady rate, and the observation, later quoted as a doubling roughly every two years, became the planning rule of the whole industry.

Beta is the current gain of a bipolar junction transistor in the common emitter configuration: a very small change in the base current produces a much larger change in the collector current, and the ratio of the two is beta, which commonly lies between about twenty and several hundred.

In a bipolar junction transistor the emitter injects carriers, the thin lightly doped base lets most of them through, and the collector gathers them, so the emitter current divides into a large collector current and a small base current; alpha is defined as the collector current divided by the emitter…

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley built the first working transistor at Bell Laboratories in the United States in 1947, and the three shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 for the discovery of the transistor effect; the device replaced the bulky vacuum tube and made all later…

A trivalent dopant such as boron, aluminium, gallium or indium forms only three covalent bonds with the surrounding silicon atoms, leaving one bond incomplete; that vacancy behaves as a mobile positive carrier called a hole, and holes therefore become the majority carriers while thermally generated electrons remain the minority carriers.

Silicon has four valence electrons, so adding a pentavalent atom such as phosphorus, arsenic, antimony or bismuth leaves one electron over after four bonds are formed; that spare electron is loosely held and becomes a free carrier, making electrons the majority carriers and the crystal n-type.

In an intrinsic, that is a chemically pure, semiconductor every free electron is produced by breaking a covalent bond, and breaking a bond leaves behind exactly one hole, so electrons and holes are created strictly in pairs and their concentrations must be equal.

The energy gap between the valence band and the conduction band decides whether a solid conducts: in silicon the gap is roughly 1.1 electron volts, small enough for heat or light to lift some electrons across it, which is what makes silicon a semiconductor.

Presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore session of December 1929 passed the resolution of Purna Swaraj or complete independence, unfurled the tricolour on the bank of the Ravi and called on the country to observe the twenty sixth of January 1930 as Independence Day.

The Constituent Assembly adopted, enacted and gave to itself the Constitution on the twenty sixth of November 1949, and that day is kept every year as Constitution Day or Samvidhan Divas.

The fourth session of the Indian National Congress met at Allahabad in 1888 and elected George Yule as its president, and he was the first Englishman and the first non Indian to hold the office.

At Plassey on the bank of the Bhagirathi, Robert Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, after buying over his commander Mir Jafar, and the victory made the Company the real power in the richest province of India.

Subhash Chandra Bose was elected president of the Indian National Congress at the Haripura session in Gujarat in 1938, where he set up a National Planning Committee under Jawaharlal Nehru.

The fiftieth session of the Indian National Congress met in December 1936 at Faizpur in the Khandesh region of what is now Maharashtra, and it was the first session of the Congress held in a village rather than in a city.

On the day of Baisakhi in 1919 a crowd gathered in the walled garden of Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to protest against the Rowlatt Act and the arrest of Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal, and Brigadier General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to fire without warning on the closed enclosure.

The annual session of the Indian National Congress in December 1920 met at Nagpur under the presidency of C. Vijayaraghavachariar, and it confirmed the programme of non cooperation that a special session at Calcutta had approved in September of that year.

Taking the four in the order they appear in history: Wood's Despatch came first, in 1854, and is called the Magna Carta of English education in India because it laid down a graded system of schools and universities.

In the First Battle of Panipat, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last Sultan of the Lodi dynasty, and the victory ended the Delhi Sultanate and founded the Mughal empire in India.