UPSC GK Questions 2026

India had no such chapter at first; ten Fundamental Duties were added in 1976 by the Forty-second Amendment on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee, and an eleventh, the duty of a parent to provide education to a child, was added later.

The Irish constitution of 1937 carried a chapter of directive principles of social policy, non-justiciable goals addressed to the legislature, and the Constituent Assembly adopted that device as Part IV of our Constitution, along with the nomination of members to the Rajya Sabha and the method of electing the President.

About two-thirds of the provisions of the Constitution follow that Act, which supplied the federal scheme with its lists of subjects, the office of the Governor, the structure and powers of the judiciary, the public service commissions, the emergency provisions and most of the administrative detail.

It suited areas where measurement was costly and prices unsteady, and the peasant could sometimes choose it.

The territory of the empire was divided between khalisa and jagir: the revenue of khalisa land was collected by imperial officers and credited to the central treasury, while the revenue of jagir land was assigned to mansabdars in place of a cash salary.

The suba was the province, headed by a subedar with his own diwan, bakhshi, sadr and qazi; the sarkar was the district, where the faujdar held charge of law and order and the amalguzar of revenue; the pargana was a group of villages with its shiqdar, amil and qanungo; and…

The correct answer is A, polaj, the best land, under the plough every season and assessed at the full rate of about one-third of the average produce.

Raising the sawar rank of a favoured noble meant raising his zat as well, which disturbed the order of precedence and cost the treasury more in personal pay.

Mansabdars were paid for the troopers they maintained, and the standing temptation was to hire horses and men for the day of inspection and send them away afterwards.

Under his settlement the average produce and the average price of the previous ten years were calculated for every crop in every locality, the demand was fixed at about one-third of that average produce and stated in cash per bigha, and land was measured with the bamboo jarib and the…

The zat number fixed the salary of the holder and his place in the order of precedence at court, while the sawar number fixed the contingent of cavalry he had to keep ready for the emperor.

The Ain-i-Akbari was written by Abul Fazl, the courtier and friend of Akbar, and it forms the third volume of the Akbarnama; it is an administrative gazetteer, listing departments and officers, the subas with their sarkars and parganas, measured areas, revenue rates, prices and wages, which is why historians use…

The Mir Bakhshi was the head of the military establishment: he kept the muster rolls of the mansabdars, verified the horses and men at inspection, recommended candidates for rank and countersigned their pay orders, and the news writers and intelligence reporters of the provinces also sent their reports through his…

Set up by the Finance Ministry after a decade in which stalled road and power concessions turned into bad loans, the Kelkar Committee reported in 2015 that risk had been pushed on to whoever would accept it rather than on to the party best able to manage it.

Infrastructure needs loans of twenty years or more, while a commercial bank takes deposits for a few years, and the mismatch between the two had crippled infrastructure lending after earlier development finance institutions were converted into banks.

Launched on 13 October 2021, PM Gati Shakti is an institutional answer to the old complaint that a road is dug up soon after it is laid because a pipeline or a cable was planned separately.

The National Monetisation Pipeline was released in August 2021 in two volumes, the second of which lists the assets ministry by ministry, with an aggregate monetisation potential of about six lakh crore rupees over four years from roads, power transmission, railways, pipelines, warehouses, stadiums and airports.

In an EPC contract the government owns the project, funds it from its own budget and simply buys construction services; the contractor is paid for the work done, keeps no operating responsibility and takes no revenue risk, so none of the defining features of a partnership is present.

Under TOT the authority bundles completed highway sections that have a proven traffic record and auctions the right to collect toll on them for a long concession, usually thirty years, against a single upfront payment.

It is the standing inter-ministerial committee that examines the concession agreement, the risk sharing and the financial structure of a central sector PPP proposal before approval, and its chair is the Secretary of the Department of Economic Affairs, with the secretaries of Expenditure, Legal Affairs, NITI Aayog and the sponsoring…