UPSC Civil Services GK Questions 2026

When output of every year is valued at the same fixed set of prices, any change in the total must come from a change in the quantity produced.

A market price contains the indirect taxes the buyer pays, which never reach the producer, so they must be taken out.

The committee was appointed in 1949 to prepare official estimates of national income after independence, and it submitted its final report in 1954.

He made the earliest estimate of India's national income in the nineteenth century and used it to argue that British rule was draining wealth out of the country, putting the average income at about twenty rupees a person a year.

Machines, buildings and vehicles wear out as they are used, and the value of that wear and tear must be set aside if the country is to keep its capital intact.

Net factor income from abroad is the income residents earn outside the country minus the income foreigners earn inside it.

GDP measures production inside the borders of a country in one accounting year, whoever the producer may be. A foreign firm making cars in India adds to India's GDP, because the test is the place of production and not the nationality of the producer.

DDT and mercury compounds are not broken down in the body and are not excreted, so they build up in the tissues of every organism that takes them in and are passed on to whatever eats it.

Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy that producers fix by photosynthesis. Plants use a part of it for their own respiration, and what remains stored in plant bodies is the net primary productivity.

In a pond the producers are phytoplankton, tiny floating plants whose total weight at any one moment is small. They multiply very rapidly, however, so over time they can feed a far greater mass of zooplankton and fish.

Bears, crows, pigs and human beings eat both plant and animal food, which allows them to occupy more than one trophic level at the same time and makes them a good example of why food webs, rather than single food chains, describe nature better.

Detritus is dead organic matter such as fallen leaves, dead bodies and animal waste. Organisms like earthworms, termites, bacteria and fungi feed on it, and they in turn are eaten by small birds and other animals.

Energy enters an ecosystem as sunlight, is fixed by green plants, and then moves from producers to herbivores, to carnivores and finally to decomposers.

They feed on dead bodies, fallen leaves and waste matter, break the complex organic substances into simple ones and release nutrients back into the soil, water and air, where plants can take them up again.

Energy is lost as heat at every transfer from one trophic level to the next, so a higher level can never hold more energy than the level below it.

It says that only about ten per cent of the energy present at one trophic level is passed on to the next, since the rest is used in respiration and other life processes and is lost to the surroundings as heat.

Green plants make their own food from carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight, so they are also called autotrophs.

The British botanist Arthur George Tansley used the word ecosystem in 1935 for a unit in which living organisms and their non-living surroundings are treated together as one system exchanging energy and matter.

Dr Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, described the Directive Principles as a "novel feature" of the Constitution.

In State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan, the Supreme Court struck down a Madras government order that reserved college seats by community.