CTET 2018 Previous Year GK Questions with Answers

The correct answer is C, To increase friction. The grooves cut into a sole grip the ground, so the foot does not slip while walking or running. Friction is the force that acts between two surfaces in contact and opposes motion between them. It becomes larger when the surfaces are rough, which is why the tread of a sole, the grooves of a tyre and the ridges of a bicycle handle are all made rough on purpose. A smooth sole on a wet floor has very little friction, and that is why people slip there. The same rubbing slowly wears the tread away, so an old shoe or tyre grips poorly and has to be replaced. A is wrong because a sole protects the foot by its thickness and material, not by its pattern. B is wrong because less friction would make walking unsafe; oil and ball bearings are used where friction has to be reduced. D is wrong because treading does not lengthen the life of a shoe. Exam tip: rough surface means more friction – treads, grooves and studs are all made to grip.

The correct answer is A, Union Government and State Governments. The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution divides subjects into three lists. The Union List holds subjects only Parliament can legislate on, such as defence, foreign affairs, currency and railways. The State List holds subjects for the state legislatures, such as police, public health and agriculture. The Concurrent List holds subjects on which both Parliament and the state legislatures may make laws, among them education, forests, marriage and divorce, criminal law and the protection of wild animals and birds. If a central law and a state law on a concurrent subject clash, Article 254 says the central law prevails. B and D are wrong because local bodies such as panchayats and municipalities get their powers from the state legislature, not from the Concurrent List. C is wrong because Parliament legislates for Union Territories. Exam tip: Seventh Schedule, three lists, Concurrent means both Centre and states, Centre wins a clash.