The Nobel Prize in Physics for the year 2016 was given to

The correct answer is D, All of them. The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics was shared by David J. Thouless, F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz, three British-born physicists working in the United States. They were honoured for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter. Using the mathematics of topology, which studies properties that do not change when a shape is stretched or bent, they explained unusual states of matter in very thin layers and at very low temperatures, such as superconductors and superfluids. Their work helps in the search for new materials for electronics and quantum computers. One half of the prize went to Thouless and the other half was shared by Haldane and Kosterlitz. Option A is wrong because Thouless shared the prize and did not receive it alone. Option B is wrong because Haldane was one of three laureates. Option C is wrong because Kosterlitz also shared it with the other two. Exam tip: Physics 2016, topological phases of matter: Thouless, Haldane, Kosterlitz.