UPSC GK Questions 2026

Article 323A empowers only Parliament to provide for the adjudication of disputes relating to recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public services, and the tribunals it allows are limited to such service matters, with one tribunal for the Union and one for each State or for two…

Acting on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee, this amendment added a new Part XIV-A titled Tribunals, with Article 323A for administrative tribunals and Article 323B for tribunals on other matters.

Article 235 says that the control over district courts and courts subordinate to them, including the posting and promotion of, and the grant of leave to, persons belonging to the judicial service of a State, shall vest in the High Court.

It provides that appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in any State shall be made by the Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to that State.

India has a single integrated judiciary arranged in three levels: the Supreme Court at the apex, the High Courts at the level of the States, and the subordinate or district courts below them.

The invasion exposed how weak the empire had become after Aurangzeb.

The Battle of Wandiwash, or Vandavasi in Tamil Nadu, was the decisive engagement of the Third Carnatic War, in which Sir Eyre Coote defeated Count de Lally in 1760.

On 14 January 1761 Ahmad Shah Abdali of Afghanistan, helped by Najib-ud-Daula and Shuja-ud-Daula, defeated the Maratha army commanded by Sadashivrao Bhau; the Peshwa's son Vishwasrao was killed, and the defeat destroyed Maratha hopes of replacing the Mughals at Delhi.

By the Treaty of Allahabad the next year the Company received the diwani, the right to collect revenue, in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, and Clive built the system of dual government on it.

Bengal, the richest province of India, passed under the Company's political control.

In 1565 the allied Deccan sultanates of Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Golconda and Bidar defeated the Vijayanagara army led by Rama Raya at Talikota, a battle also called Rakshasa-Tangadi or Bannihatti; the capital city of Vijayanagara, today's Hampi, was plundered and the empire never recovered.

Akbar was only about thirteen years old in 1556, and his regent Bairam Khan commanded the army that defeated Hemu, the able general of the Sur side who had captured Delhi and crowned himself Hemchandra Vikramaditya.

The following year Sher Shah defeated him again at Kannauj, also called Bilgram, and Humayun left India for about fifteen years while the Sur dynasty ruled Delhi.

Babur defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi, the last Sultan of the Lodi dynasty, on the field of Panipat in 1526, using the tulughma flanking division and field guns served by Ustad Ali Quli and Mustafa Rumi, and founded the Mughal Empire.

Ghori had been defeated by Prithviraj Chauhan at the First Battle of Tarain in 1191 and returned the next year with a better organised army of mounted archers; the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 ended in the defeat and death of Prithviraj and opened north India to Turkish rule.

Porus ruled the Paurava kingdom between the Jhelum and the Chenab and fought Alexander on the Hydaspes, the Greek name for the Jhelum.

Its weaknesses led to the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee of 1957, whose recommendation of democratic decentralisation gave India panchayati raj.

It organises poor rural women into self help groups, federates them at the village and block level, and supports them with a revolving fund, a community investment fund and interest subvention on bank loans.

The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana was launched on 25 December 2000 to connect unconnected habitations with all weather roads, generally those with a population above five hundred in the plains and above two hundred and fifty in hill, tribal and desert areas, and it later added the upgradation of…

At least sixty per cent of the cost of the works must go on wages and not more than forty per cent on material, so that the scheme remains an employment programme rather than a construction programme.