UPSC Civil Services GK Questions 2026

The space agency made the engine by fusing metal powder with a laser and tested it successfully, reducing the number of separate parts in the engine from fourteen to a single printed piece and cutting both the material used and the time taken to build it.

Because the model receives readings from the real machine, building or city as it works, it behaves as the real asset behaves, and engineers can test a change, foresee a failure or plan maintenance on the model without disturbing the original.

The strategy was released by that ministry in 2022 to build a domestic ecosystem for additive manufacturing, covering machines, materials and software, the creation of Indian intellectual property and the skilling of workers, in line with the Make in India and self-reliance programmes.

The country's first 3D-printed post office was built at Cambridge Layout in Bengaluru and opened in 2023, its walls laid down by a concrete printing robot working from a digital design, with technical guidance from an Indian Institute of Technology.

XR is the collective name for augmented reality, virtual reality and mixed reality together, and is used whenever a statement is meant to cover all the technologies that blend the physical world with digital content.

In augmented reality the room, street or object in front of the user stays visible and images, text or sound are added on top of it, as when a camera labels a monument or a windscreen display shows directions.

He popularised the phrase virtual reality in the late 1980s while building and selling some of the first commercial headsets and data gloves, and the name has stuck to the technology ever since.

The novel, published in 1992, uses the word metaverse for a shared virtual city that people enter through goggles and move about in as avatars, and the term was taken up decades later for persistent three-dimensional online worlds.

Milling on a computer-controlled machine is a subtractive process: a rotating cutter removes material from a solid block until the shape remains, so no layers are added.

An STL file describes the outer surface of a three-dimensional object as a mesh of triangles and carries no colour, material or texture information.

He invented stereolithography in the mid-1980s, in which a laser hardens liquid photopolymer resin point by point, and in doing so built the first working 3D printer; he also went on to found a company to sell the machines.

The name comes from the method: material is added layer upon layer under the control of a digital model until the object is complete, so that nothing has to be cut away.

A respite is the award of a lesser sentence than the one originally passed, granted because of some special circumstance personal to the convict, such as pregnancy or serious physical disability, and it is one of the six forms of clemency listed in Article 72.

The position was reaffirmed in Krishna Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar in 2017.

The Twenty-fourth Amendment of 1971 made it obligatory for the President to give assent to a bill amending the Constitution, so that neither assent may be withheld nor the bill returned.

Commutation changes the nature of the punishment itself, substituting a lighter kind for the one awarded, so that a death sentence becomes imprisonment for life or rigorous imprisonment becomes simple imprisonment.

Article 161 confines the Governor's power to offences against laws on matters to which the state's executive power extends, and it does not extend to pardoning a death sentence, which under Article 72 belongs to the President alone; a Governor also cannot touch a sentence passed by a court martial.

It empowers the President to grant pardon, reprieve, respite, remission, suspension or commutation of punishment in cases of a sentence by court martial, offences against laws on matters within the Union's executive power, and all cases of a sentence of death.

Under Article 111 the President may return a bill for reconsideration only if it is not a Money Bill; for a Money Bill the choice is confined to giving assent or withholding it.

The bill, which would have allowed the interception of postal articles, was neither assented to nor returned by President Zail Singh, who simply kept it pending, and it lapsed; this is the standing Indian illustration of a pocket veto.