UPSC Civil Services GK Questions 2026

Spratt had been sent to India by the Communist Party of Great Britain and worked with the Workers and Peasants Parties; he was arrested in March 1929 and tried at Meerut along with Benjamin Francis Bradley and Lester Hutchinson, the three Englishmen in the dock.

Sweeping arrests were made in March 1929, soon after the great strikes of 1928, and the trial at Meerut went on until 1933, making it one of the longest political trials of the colonial period.

Manabendra Nath Roy, who had gone abroad in search of arms during the First World War and had helped found the Communist Party of Mexico, formed a small emigre Communist Party of India at Tashkent on 17 October 1920 with a handful of muhajirs and revolutionaries.

It allowed unions to register, gave a registered union the standing of a body that could hold property and sue, and protected its office bearers from certain civil suits and from the charge of criminal conspiracy for lawful union work.

In 1918 Gandhi led the Ahmedabad mill workers in their demand for a wage rise and undertook his first fast as a weapon in an industrial dispute; out of that struggle grew the Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association in 1920, which stood for arbitration between workers and owners rather than class…

The All India Trade Union Congress was founded at Bombay on 31 October 1920 and Lala Lajpat Rai, the Punjab Congress leader, took the chair as its first president, linking the labour cause to the national movement.

Bahman Pestonji Wadia, a theosophist associated with Annie Besant, organised the workers of the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills at Madras in 1918 into the Madras Labour Union, the first body in India with members, subscriptions and office bearers, and therefore the first trade union in the modern sense.

A follower of Jyotiba Phule and the editor of the Marathi paper Dinbandhu, Lokhande organised the Bombay mill workers in 1884 and placed their demands for shorter hours and a weekly holiday before the Factory Commission, which is why the body is called the first labour association in India.

Ansari. Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari was a physician and a Congress leader who presided over the Madras session of the Congress in 1927; he had nothing to do with the communist prosecutions and was never an accused in the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case.

Above the tree line in the western and central Himalaya the mean temperature of even the warmest month stays below ten degrees Celsius, which is the defining condition of the E group, and the tundra and ice-cap variants of that group occupy the high valleys and the snowfields.

C. W. Thornthwaite measured precipitation effectiveness and thermal efficiency, that is, the balance between the water a place receives and the water it loses to evaporation and transpiration, and because these are derived quantities rather than raw readings his scheme is called rational.

Koppen was born in Russia and worked in Germany, and his training in plant science is the reason his classification uses natural vegetation as the index of climate and sets its boundaries where vegetation belts change.

Koppen set the boundary of the tropical group at a mean temperature of 18 degrees Celsius in the coldest month, the value below which many tropical plants cannot thrive, and the whole of peninsular India as well as both coasts clears it.

Within the dry B group Koppen used two capital letters for the degree of dryness, S for the steppe, which is semi-arid, and W for the desert, which is fully arid, so BShw describes a hot semi-arid climate with a dry winter.

The interior of the Deccan is hot in every month, which gives it the capital A, and it has a long dry season with moderate rain in summer, which gives it the small letter w, the classic savannah combination.

Over most of the Ganga plain the temperature rises steadily through the spring and peaks in May, before the rains break, after which cloud and moisture bring the readings down, and Koppen gave this particular annual march of temperature its own letter.

The capital D marks a cold snow forest climate in which the coldest month falls below minus three degrees Celsius, f marks the absence of a dry season and c marks a short summer with fewer than four months above ten degrees Celsius, and in the standard table for India…

The capital B marks a dry climate, the capital W marks the arid or desert subdivision, h marks a hot climate and the last w marks a dry winter, so the whole code describes the heart of the Thar, the driest part of the country.

This coast lies in the rain shadow of the Western Ghats while the south-west monsoon blows, so its summer is comparatively dry, and it gets most of its rain between October and December from the retreating monsoon and the north-east monsoon, which is exactly what the small letter s records.

The code stands for a monsoon climate with a short dry season: the Malabar coast is hot in every month, so the capital A applies, and it receives extremely heavy rain from the south-west monsoon, leaving only a brief dry spell.