UPSC Civil Services GK Questions 2026

In it nitrogen from the air and hydrogen from natural gas combine directly over a finely divided iron catalyst at high pressure and a temperature of about 450 to 500 degrees Celsius; the ammonia produced is then reacted with carbon dioxide to make urea.

Muriate of potash is potassium chloride, carrying about sixty per cent potash, and it is the cheapest and most widely used source of potassium for crops; the old word muriate simply means a chloride.

Nobel made the dangerously sensitive liquid nitroglycerine safe to transport and use by absorbing it in kieselguhr, a porous earth, and patented the resulting dynamite in 1867; he later combined nitroglycerine with nitrocellulose to make blasting gelatin, and the fortune from these patents endowed the Nobel Prizes.

Gun powder, also called black powder, is made of roughly seventy-five parts potassium nitrate or saltpetre, which supplies oxygen, fifteen parts charcoal, which is the fuel, and ten parts sulphur, which lowers the ignition temperature and speeds the burning.

Replacing part of the soda and lime of ordinary glass with boron trioxide gives a glass whose coefficient of thermal expansion is very low, so it does not crack when heated or cooled suddenly; that is why laboratory beakers, test tubes and ovenware are made of it.

Metal oxides dissolved in molten glass absorb part of the visible spectrum, and cobalt oxide is the standard colourant for the deep blue of bottles and decorative glass, effective in very small quantities.

Cement needs one calcareous material, limestone, for its lime, and one argillaceous material, clay or shale, for its silica, alumina and iron oxide; the mixture is burnt in a rotary kiln at about 1450 degrees Celsius to give clinker, which is then ground with gypsum.

About two or three per cent of gypsum, which is calcium sulphate dihydrate, is ground with the clinker because it slows down the hydration of tricalcium aluminate, the compound that would otherwise set almost the moment water was added and leave no time to place the concrete.

Farmyard manure is the decomposed mixture of cattle dung, urine and bedding litter, and in general it carries only about half a per cent of nitrogen, along with roughly the same order of phosphate and potash.

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the three primary nutrients, and a fertiliser that carries two or more of them in one chemical compound is called a complex or mixed fertiliser; diammonium phosphate, which supplies both nitrogen and phosphate, and the NPK grades sold by number are the familiar examples.

Superphosphate of lime is made by treating rock phosphate with sulphuric acid, and the nutrient it supplies is phosphorus in the form of available phosphate, not nitrogen; it is therefore a phosphatic fertiliser.

Renukoot in Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh is known for aluminium, not for iron and steel. Renukoot is home to the Hindalco aluminium smelter, set up in the early 1960s near the Rihand dam, whose cheap hydroelectric power suits the huge electricity needs of aluminium smelting.

Maulana Azad was India's first Education Minister, serving in Jawaharlal Nehru's Cabinet from 1947 until his death in 1958. Azad was a scholar, journalist and Congress leader who had been the youngest president of the Indian National Congress in 1923 and its president again from 1940 to 1946.

Indian Standard Time is based on 82.5° E, and a place 5 hours behind lies 75° to the west of it, at 82.5° − 75° = 7.5° E. The Earth turns 360° in 24 hours, so local time changes by one hour for every 15° of longitude, or four minutes…

The brothers Harihara I and Bukka Raya I founded the Vijayanagara Empire in 1336, with its capital on the banks of the Tungabhadra at Hampi.

Fuji. Mount Fuji in Japan is a volcanic mountain, built up by layers of lava and ash, not by the folding of rock layers.

The rulers of Vijayanagara claimed to rule on behalf of the god Virupaksha, a form of Shiva and the guardian deity of Hampi.

These six ceremonial gates belong to the new Parliament House of India in New Delhi. The new Parliament building, part of the Central Vista project, was inaugurated in May 2023.

The four terrestrial planets do lie between the Sun and the asteroid belt, but they are dense, not light, and their weak gravity could not hold on to escaping gases.

Oyashio, Kuroshio, Alaska and Humboldt are currents of the Pacific Ocean, while Canaries, Labrador and Benguela flow in the Atlantic.