Which structural arrangement is the fundamental requirement for piezoelectricity, according to the study?

The correct answer is the Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Bengaluru, an autonomous institute under the Department of Science and Technology. The release names it as the institute whose researchers took up peptides, and the work was led there by Dr Goutam Ghosh with his doctoral scholar Aparna Ramesh. Options B and C are the collaborating institutions and are therefore the sharpest distractors: IISER Kolkata and JNCASR Bengaluru both contributed, and researchers from both are credited, but neither led the study. Option D does not appear in the release at all. Candidates should carry the parent department with the institute, since a question is often set on which department funds or governs a research body in the news. Note also that the discovery was published in Angewandte Chemie International Edition, a journal name that has itself been asked.

The correct answer is by adding one per cent of a suitable co-solvent. The team found that in water the peptide molecules form nanofibers and show no piezoelectric response. Introducing just that small share of a co-solvent reorganised the molecules into a highly ordered supramolecular arrangement, and the piezoelectric response switched on at once. Option A is precisely what the study did not do, and the release stresses the point: the chemical composition of the peptide was left untouched, and the key lay in controlling how the molecules assemble rather than in altering the molecule. Option C would defeat the purpose, since the aim was to replace brittle ceramics with a soft, biocompatible material. Option D is invented. The physical reason for the switch is worth remembering: controlled chiral self-assembly aligns molecular dipoles into a non-centrosymmetric structure, the basic condition for piezoelectricity.

The correct answer is the Prime Minister of India. The release was issued by the Prime Minister's Office and records that Prime Minister Narendra Modi hailed the launch as yet another outstanding achievement by ISRO and a proud moment for the nation. He shared his remarks in a post on X. He said the successful launch reflects the excellence, innovation and growing capabilities that define India's space sector, and he added that the deepening partnership between ISRO and Indian industry is adding new strength and scale to the space programme while expanding the country's capabilities across the entire space ecosystem. Option A, the President, and option B, the Vice-President, are the holders of the two offices students most often substitute for the Prime Minister in such questions, but neither is the source of these remarks. Option D, the Minister of Education, has no connection with a space launch and is easy to eliminate. Note also who the remarks were addressed to: ISRO, the Indian Space Research Organisation.

The correct answer is Geosynchronous orbit. The distinction claimed for EOS-05 in this release is precisely this: it is India's first-ever imaging satellite from Geosynchronous orbit. That is the single fact that turns an otherwise routine launch into an examinable milestone, and it is the phrase the Prime Minister himself used. A spacecraft in this orbit keeps pace with the rotation of the Earth, so it remains over broadly the same region rather than passing over it and moving on. Option A, low Earth orbit, is where a great many satellites operate, but the release does not place EOS-05 there and a low orbit would not support the claim of a first. Option B, Sun-synchronous orbit, and option D, polar orbit, are the orbits associated with earlier remote sensing spacecraft, which is exactly why they make tempting distractors. Neither is named in this release. Remember the wording of the first: imaging satellite, Geosynchronous orbit.

The correct answer is GSLV-F17. The release records that ISRO carried out the successful launch of GSLV-F17 carrying EOS-05, and that the Prime Minister praised the space agency for the achievement. GSLV is short for the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, and the suffix F17 identifies this particular flight of that rocket family. Option A names the PSLV, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, which is a different rocket family and is not the vehicle mentioned in this release. Option C names LVM3, the heavy-lift vehicle, which also does not appear here. Option D names the SSLV, the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle, again a different family with no role in this launch. Students often confuse the rocket with the satellite, so the safest way to remember this item is as a pair: the rocket was GSLV-F17 and the satellite it carried was EOS-05. The Prime Minister called the flight a proud moment for the nation and said it reflects the excellence, innovation and growing capabilities of India's space sector.