The Indian Railways have gone in for qualitative improvements since independence. Which of the following have taken place in recent years ? 1. Gauge conversion 2. Track electrification 3. Automatic signals Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
- A.1 and 2 only
- B.2 and 3 only
- C.1 and 3 only
- D.1, 2 and 3
Correct answer
Explanation
The correct answer is D, 1, 2 and 3. Gauge conversion, electrification of tracks and automatic signalling have all been part of the modernisation of Indian Railways.
Gauge conversion: under Project Unigauge, started in 1992, metre-gauge and narrow-gauge lines have been steadily converted to broad gauge (1,676 mm) so that trains can run through without transhipment. Electrification: electric traction is cheaper, cleaner and faster than diesel, and the railways have electrified nearly the whole broad-gauge network. Automatic signals: automatic block signalling divides busy sections into short blocks protected by signals that change by themselves as a train passes, so more trains can run safely on the same track.
A is wrong because it leaves out automatic signalling, which has been introduced on busy routes. B is wrong because it omits gauge conversion, one of the largest projects of the railways. C is wrong because it drops track electrification.
Exam tip: Project Unigauge (1992) – one broad gauge of 1,676 mm across India.
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