Sopana sangeetam, the devotional music sung on the steps of a temple sanctum to the hourglass drum edakka, belongs to which state?
- A.Karnataka
- B.Kerala
- C.Andhra Pradesh
- D.Odisha
Correct answer
Explanation
The correct answer is B, Kerala. Sopana sangeetam takes its name from sopanam, the flight of steps leading to the sanctum of a Kerala temple, where the singer stands and sings slow devotional verse, keeping time on the edakka, an hourglass drum played with a stick. The tradition is closely tied to the Ashtapadi verses of Jayadeva and to Kerala's temple ritual.
Option A, Karnataka, has the devaranamas of the Haridasa singers. Option C, Andhra Pradesh, has Annamacharya's sankirtanas sung at Tirumala. Option D, Odisha, sings the Gita Govinda before Jagannath, which is close in spirit but is not called sopana sangeetam and does not use the edakka. The instrument named in the question settles it for Kerala. For revision, pair each southern state with its temple music: Kerala with sopana sangeetam and the edakka, Tamil Nadu with the Thevaram and the Odhuvars, Andhra Pradesh with Annamacharya at Tirumala and Karnataka with the devaranamas.
Read the full article: Devotional Music of India: Bhajan, Kirtan and Qawwali
Practice Questions
View allThe development of qawwali in India is credited to which figure?
- A.Tansen
- B.Amir Khusrau
- C.Baiju Bawra
- D.Swami Haridas
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Khusrau lived in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and was the disciple of the Chishti saint Nizamuddin Auliya of Delhi.
Read the full explanation →Abhang, the devotional verse sung for Vithoba of Pandharpur, belongs to which tradition?
- A.The Varkari tradition of Maharashtra
- B.The Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition of Bengal
- C.The Pushtimarg of Rajasthan
- D.The Lingayat tradition of Karnataka
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Abhang is Marathi devotional verse, and the word means unbroken. Dnyaneshwar, Namdev, Eknath, Chokhamela and Tukaram composed abhangs for Vithoba of Pandharpur, and pilgrims still sing them on the wari to Pandharpur with the taal and the ektari.
Read the full explanation →The Baul singers, whose songs UNESCO proclaimed a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, belong mainly to which region?
- A.Rajasthan
- B.Assam
- C.Bengal
- D.Odisha
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The Bauls are wandering mystic minstrels of Bengal, on both sides of the border, whose songs blend Vaishnava Sahajiya and Sufi ideas and reject caste and ritual.
Read the full explanation →Which one of the following saints was a contemporary of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj?
- A.Tukaram
- B.Chaitanya
- C.Namdev
- D.Shankaracharya
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Sant Tukaram was a Varkari poet of the seventeenth century who composed abhangs for Vithoba of Pandharpur and lived in Dehu near Pune, in the years when Shivaji was building the Maratha state.
Read the full explanation →Sankirtana, the ritual singing, drumming and dancing inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List in 2013, belongs to which state?
- A.Manipur
- B.Kerala
- C.Tamil Nadu
- D.Tripura
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The Sankirtana of Manipur is the Vaishnava ritual music of the Meitei people, in which singers and drummers perform in the temple courtyard, the mandap, with the barrel drum called pung and with cymbals; the drum dance is the Pung Cholom.
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