Goalball, a sport in the Paralympic programme with no Olympic counterpart, is played by athletes with which impairment?

The correct answer is B, Rome. The Games held at Rome in 1960, with about four hundred athletes from twenty-three countries, are recognised as the first Paralympic Games, and the event has been held every four years since. Option A is wrong because London is where the movement began rather than where the first Games were held: the Stoke Mandeville Games of 1948 were organised near London on the day the London Olympics opened. Option C is wrong because Tokyo hosted the second Paralympic Games in 1964 and hosted them again much later. Option D is wrong because Seoul in 1988 marks a different landmark, the first time the Paralympics were held in the same city and at the same venues as the Olympics, an arrangement that has continued since. Keep 1948 for Stoke Mandeville, 1960 for Rome and 1988 for Seoul.

The correct answer is B, Ludwig Guttmann. He was a neurologist who had left Germany for England and was put in charge of a spinal injuries unit at Stoke Mandeville Hospital, where he used sport as part of the treatment of soldiers paralysed in the Second World War; on 29 July 1948, the opening day of the London Olympics, he held an archery competition for sixteen injured service personnel. Option A is wrong because Pierre de Coubertin revived the modern Olympic Games in 1896 and founded the International Olympic Committee. Option C is wrong because Eunice Kennedy Shriver founded the Special Olympics in 1968, which is a separate competition for athletes with intellectual disabilities. Option D is wrong because Avery Brundage was a president of the International Olympic Committee and had no part in the Stoke Mandeville Games.

The correct answer is B, Bonn in Germany. The International Paralympic Committee was founded in 1989 as the world governing body of the movement, and it has been based at Bonn since then; it organises the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games and recognises the national Paralympic committees. Option A is wrong because Lausanne is the seat of the International Olympic Committee, and this is the commonest confusion in the question, since candidates assume the two bodies share a city. Option C is wrong because Monaco houses the headquarters of world athletics, not of the Paralympic movement. Option D is wrong because Kuala Lumpur is associated with regional sporting bodies in Asia and with the badminton federation in earlier years, not with this committee. Fix the pair as Olympic to Lausanne and Paralympic to Bonn.

The correct answer is B, Spirit in Motion. The motto was adopted along with the emblem of three Agitos, the red, blue and green curved shapes that sweep around a central point; agito is Latin for I move, and together the symbol and the motto stand for movement and for athletes converging from every direction. Option A is wrong because faster, higher, stronger is the Olympic motto, translated from the Latin citius, altius, fortius, and belongs to the other movement. Option C is wrong because sport for all is a general slogan of sports promotion used by many bodies and is not the Paralympic motto. Option D is wrong because inspire a generation was the slogan of one particular edition of the Games held in London and not the standing motto of the movement.

The correct answer is B, Murlikant Petkar. An army man wounded by bullets in the war of 1965, he took to swimming during his recovery and won the fifty metre freestyle event at the Heidelberg Games of 1972 in a world record time, giving India its first Paralympic gold medal, which remained the country’s only one for decades. Option A is wrong because Devendra Jhajharia won his first gold at Athens in 2004, thirty-two years later, and his distinction is being the first Indian with two Paralympic golds. Option C is wrong because Mariyappan Thangavelu won the high jump at Rio in 2016. Option D is wrong because Sumit Antil won the javelin at the Tokyo Games with a world record, which is a recent achievement. Remember Petkar with swimming and 1972.