Consider the following materials : 1. Agricultural residues 2. Corn grain 3. Wastewater treatment sludge 4. Wood mill waste Which of the above can be used as feedstock for producing Sustainable Aviation Fuel ?
- A.1 and 2 only
- B.3 and 4 only
- C.1, 2, 3 and 4
- D.1,3 and 4 only
Correct answer
Explanation
The correct answer is C, 1, 2, 3 and 4. All four materials can be turned into Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) through one or another approved conversion route.
SAF is a jet fuel made from renewable or waste sources instead of crude oil, and it can be blended with ordinary aviation turbine fuel without changing aircraft engines. Several routes are approved: oils and fats can be hydroprocessed (HEFA); sugars and starch from crops such as corn grain can be fermented to ethanol or isobutanol and then converted to jet fuel (alcohol-to-jet); and cellulosic material such as crop residues and wood mill waste, along with wet wastes such as sewage sludge, can be gasified or turned into bio-crude and then upgraded. India has set indicative SAF blending targets of 1% in 2027 and 2% in 2028 for international flights.
A is wrong: it leaves out sludge and wood mill waste, which are also usable.
B is wrong: it leaves out crop residues and corn grain.
D is wrong: corn grain is also a recognised feedstock via the alcohol-to-jet route.
Exam tip: SAF feedstocks = oils and fats, sugars and starches, crop and forest residues, municipal and wet wastes; main routes HEFA and alcohol-to-jet.
Practice Questions
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