Defence GK Questions 2026

An eleven judge bench held by six to five that Parliament cannot abridge Fundamental Rights by amendment, but the Court did not want to unsettle the land reform amendments already acted upon, so it declared that its ruling would operate only for the future.

A bench of thirteen judges held by a majority of seven to six that Parliament may amend any part of the Constitution under Article 368 but cannot destroy or damage its basic structure or essential features.

Clause (1) says that if a State law is repugnant to a law made by Parliament on a Concurrent subject, the parliamentary law prevails and the State law is void to the extent of the repugnancy.

That section barred a detained person from disclosing in court the grounds of his detention or the representation he had made against it.

The Bengal Money Lenders Act of 1940 limited the interest and the amount recoverable by money lenders, a provincial subject, but it also affected promissory notes, which belonged to the central list.

That clause says that no law made by Parliament shall be deemed invalid on the ground that it would have extra-territorial operation, and the courts have built on it the rule that a State law too may apply to an object or person outside the State if there is a…

The petitioner had settled his tax liability under a provision later found to violate Article 14, and it was argued that by agreeing to the settlement he had waived his right to equality.

The doctrine means that a legislature cannot do by an indirect route what the Constitution forbids it to do directly; if it has no competence over a subject, no clever drafting can give it that competence.

Article 246 read with the Seventh Schedule gives Parliament and the State Legislatures separate fields of law making, but subjects overlap in practice, so a court must find the true nature and character of the law, its pith and substance, and ignore incidental encroachment on the other list.

In that case a 1947 motor vehicles law of Central Provinces and Berar had become unenforceable because it clashed with the freedom of trade under Article 19(1)(g).

Glycolysis spends two molecules of ATP in the preparatory steps that phosphorylate glucose and fructose, and produces four by substrate level phosphorylation in the later steps, so the net gain is two ATP along with two molecules of reduced NAD.

Sugar is actively loaded into the sieve tubes at the source, water follows from the xylem by osmosis and raises the pressure there, and the resulting gradient pushes the whole solution to the sink, where sugar is unloaded and water returns to the xylem.

In yeast the pyruvic acid formed by glycolysis is decarboxylated and then reduced to ethyl alcohol, a process called alcoholic fermentation, which is the basis of brewing and of the rising of dough.

The respiratory quotient is the volume of carbon dioxide released divided by the volume of oxygen used. When glucose is oxidised completely, six molecules of oxygen are used and six of carbon dioxide are released, so the ratio is one.

Pyruvic acid formed in glycolysis enters the mitochondrion, is converted to acetyl coenzyme A and is oxidised completely in the matrix through the cycle named after Hans Krebs, who received the Nobel Prize for the discovery; the cycle releases carbon dioxide and reduced coenzymes.

Glycolysis, also called the Embden Meyerhof Parnas pathway, splits one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm, needs no oxygen and gives a net gain of two ATP along with two molecules of reduced NAD.

Ganong's potometer and the simpler bubble potometer measure the water absorbed by a cut shoot in a given time, and since almost all of that water is lost as vapour, the reading is taken as the rate of transpiration.

In light, potassium ions are actively pumped into the guard cells, their solute concentration rises, water enters by osmosis, the cells swell and because their inner walls are thicker they bend apart, opening the pore; when potassium leaves, the cells lose water and the pore closes.

Its sieve tubes, helped by companion cells, carry sucrose and other soluble food from a source such as a mature leaf to a sink such as a root, fruit or bud, and the movement can be upward or downward.

It occurs through pores called hydathodes at the leaf margin or tip, usually in the early morning when the soil is moist, the air is humid and transpiration is low, so root pressure forces out drops of water with dissolved salts; Colocasia, grasses and tomato show it well.