UPSC Civil Services GK Questions 2026

Part II of the Constitution, Articles 5 to 11, deals with citizenship: Article 5 lays down who became a citizen at the commencement of the Constitution, Articles 6 and 7 settle the position of persons who migrated from and to Pakistan, Article 8 covers persons of Indian origin living abroad…

The Famine Inquiry Commission of 1944, under the former Chief Secretary of Bengal Sir John Woodhead, enquired into the Bengal famine of 1943 and held administrative failure, the loss of Burmese rice and the absence of a proper relief policy responsible for the deaths.

The Sedition Committee of 1918, appointed under the English judge Sir Sidney Rowlatt, examined revolutionary conspiracies in India and recommended special powers for the executive, which Parliament granted in the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, popularly the Rowlatt Act, allowing detention without trial; Gandhi's Rowlatt Satyagraha followed.

The Royal Commission on the Superior Civil Services in India of 1923–24, under Viscount Lee of Fareham, recommended rates of Indianisation for the services and the immediate setting up of a Public Service Commission; it was established in 1926 and became the Federal Public Service Commission under the Government of…

John Henry Whitley, a former Speaker of the House of Commons, chaired the Royal Commission on Labour in India, which reported in 1931 on wages, hours, housing and the health of industrial workers; its findings lay behind the Factories Act, 1934, the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 and later labour…

Appointed in 1926 and chaired by Lord Linlithgow, it examined the condition of Indian agriculture and rural life and recommended a central body to coordinate agricultural research, which was established in 1929 as the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, renamed the Indian Council of Agricultural Research after independence.

The Indian Education Commission of 1882, known as the Hunter Commission, reviewed the progress of education since Wood's Despatch and recommended that the State pay special attention to primary education in the vernacular and hand schools over to the newly created local boards, in keeping with Ripon's local self-government resolution.

The Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance of 1926, named after its chairman Edward Hilton Young, recommended that the functions of currency and credit be taken away from the Government and handed to a central bank; the recommendation was carried out by the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934…

All seven members of the Indian Statutory Commission were British members of Parliament, among them Clement Attlee, and Indians of every party read this as a declaration that they were unfit to decide their own constitution; hence the boycott and the slogan 'Simon, go back'.

The annual session of the Indian National Congress held at Madras in December 1927, presided over by Dr M. A. Ansari, resolved to boycott the Simon Commission at every stage and in every form, and the same session passed a resolution on complete independence.

The British Government announced the Indian Statutory Commission in November 1927 under Sir John Simon to review the working of the Government of India Act, 1919; the commission itself reached Bombay on 3 February 1928 and submitted its report in 1930.

If two goods are perfect substitutes, such as two brands of identical salt, the consumer is willing to exchange them at a fixed rate whatever quantity he already holds, so the marginal rate of substitution is constant and a constant slope means a straight line.

The law of equi-marginal utility, called Gossen's second law and also the law of maximum satisfaction, says that a consumer distributes his income among goods so that the last rupee spent on each gives him the same marginal utility; he reaches that position by substituting the good with the higher…

In their joint work of 1934, and later in Hicks's Value and Capital, they replaced the measurement of utility with the ranking of preferences and rebuilt the theory of demand on indifference curves, the marginal rate of substitution and the budget line.

Equilibrium is the point at which the budget line is tangent to the highest indifference curve the consumer can reach, and at a point of tangency the slopes of the two are equal, which means MRS of X for Y equals Px divided by Py; a second condition is that…

The budget line is the equation Px·X + Py·Y = M, which on rearranging gives Y = M ÷ Py minus (Px ÷ Py)·X, so the intercept is income divided by the price of Y and the slope is the ratio of the price of the good on the horizontal…

If two curves crossed, the combination at the crossing point would belong to both and would therefore give two different levels of satisfaction at the same time, a logical contradiction; for the same reason they cannot even be tangent.

As a consumer moves down an indifference curve he holds more and more of the first good and less of the second, so each extra unit of the first is worth fewer units of the second to him; the slope therefore becomes flatter from left to right and the curve…

The marginal rate of substitution of X for Y is the number of units of Y a consumer is willing to give up to get one more unit of X while remaining on the same indifference curve, and it equals the ratio of the marginal utility of X to the…

Marginal utility is the addition made to total utility by one more unit, so as long as it is positive total utility keeps rising; the moment it becomes zero nothing more is being added and total utility stands at its highest point, called the point of satiety.