State Exams GK Questions 2026

Edwin Montagu, the Secretary of State for India, issued the declaration of August 1917 promising the gradual development of self-governing institutions, and together with the Viceroy Lord Chelmsford produced the report of 1918 on which the Act of 1919 was based.

The Act of 1919 is known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms; the Morley-Minto Reforms were the Indian Councils Act of 1909, a decade earlier, remembered for separate electorates.

Under dyarchy the Governor kept the reserved subjects, which were those touching revenue and coercive power: administration of justice, land revenue, police, irrigation, famine relief, forests and labour relations.

This Act abolished dyarchy in the provinces and made them autonomous units, with ministries responsible to elected provincial legislatures; the first elections under it were held in 1937 and Congress ministries took office in most provinces.

There is no such method of measurement; the GDP deflator is a price index derived after the aggregates have been estimated, used to convert nominal values into real values.

Interest payments are the cost of borrowing done in earlier years, so taking them out of the fiscal deficit leaves the borrowing the government needs for this year's own activities; a zero primary deficit means the government is borrowing only to pay interest on past debt.

The fiscal deficit is the gap between what the government spends and everything it receives other than borrowings, so it measures exactly how much the government must borrow during the year and is the headline figure watched in every Budget.

The National Income Committee was appointed in 1949 with Professor P. C. Mahalanobis as chairman and Professor D. R. Gadgil and Dr V. K. R. V. Rao as members; its reports in the early 1950s produced the first official estimates of national income for independent India and shaped the work…

He estimated India's national income for the year 1867-68 and used the figure in his argument about the drain of wealth from India under British rule, which is why he is remembered as the first to attempt the exercise.

The Survey is written in the Economic Division of the Department of Economic Affairs in the Ministry of Finance, under the overall supervision of the Chief Economic Adviser, and is laid before both Houses of Parliament, usually a day before the Union Budget.

Both statements state the same rule from opposite sides: national income is the value of final goods and services, and the value of intermediate goods is excluded so that the same output is not counted at every stage of production.

Work through the expression in two steps. Adding depreciation to a net aggregate turns it gross, so NNP at market prices plus depreciation gives GNP at market prices.

The deflator is nominal GDP divided by real GDP and multiplied by a hundred, so it is not computed from a fixed basket of goods at all; it is implied by the two GDP series, and that is exactly why it carries the word implicit.

National income counts only final goods and services; intermediate goods are deliberately left out, because counting the flour as well as the bread would mean counting the same value twice.

The German meteorologist Alfred Wegener put forward the continental drift theory in 1912, holding that all continents once formed a single supercontinent called Pangaea, surrounded by a single ocean called Panthalassa, which later split into Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south.

Its thick ice sheet lifts its average elevation above that of every other continent, and it has no permanent population, only the changing crews of research stations maintained under the Antarctic Treaty system; it is also the coldest, driest and windiest continent and counts as the largest cold desert.

It lies in the North Atlantic and is bounded not by land but by four ocean currents, among them the Gulf Stream, which circle its calm, weed-filled waters; the floating sargassum seaweed gives it its name.

The Bering Strait lies between the eastern tip of Siberia and the western tip of Alaska and joins the Pacific Ocean with the Arctic Ocean; during the ice ages a land bridge across it is believed to have carried the first human migrations into the Americas.

Africa is the only continent through which all four of these lines pass: the Equator crosses its middle, the Tropic of Cancer runs across the Sahara, the Tropic of Capricorn crosses its southern part, and the Prime Meridian passes through its western bulge near Accra.

In that year the International Hydrographic Organization recognised the waters surrounding Antarctica, broadly south of sixty degrees south latitude, as the fifth ocean of the world, which is why older textbooks speak of four oceans and newer ones of five.