SSC CGL GK Questions 2026

There is no such method of measurement; the GDP deflator is a price index derived after the aggregates have been estimated, used to convert nominal values into real values.

Interest payments are the cost of borrowing done in earlier years, so taking them out of the fiscal deficit leaves the borrowing the government needs for this year's own activities; a zero primary deficit means the government is borrowing only to pay interest on past debt.

The fiscal deficit is the gap between what the government spends and everything it receives other than borrowings, so it measures exactly how much the government must borrow during the year and is the headline figure watched in every Budget.

The National Income Committee was appointed in 1949 with Professor P. C. Mahalanobis as chairman and Professor D. R. Gadgil and Dr V. K. R. V. Rao as members; its reports in the early 1950s produced the first official estimates of national income for independent India and shaped the work…

He estimated India's national income for the year 1867-68 and used the figure in his argument about the drain of wealth from India under British rule, which is why he is remembered as the first to attempt the exercise.

The Survey is written in the Economic Division of the Department of Economic Affairs in the Ministry of Finance, under the overall supervision of the Chief Economic Adviser, and is laid before both Houses of Parliament, usually a day before the Union Budget.

Both statements state the same rule from opposite sides: national income is the value of final goods and services, and the value of intermediate goods is excluded so that the same output is not counted at every stage of production.

Work through the expression in two steps. Adding depreciation to a net aggregate turns it gross, so NNP at market prices plus depreciation gives GNP at market prices.

The deflator is nominal GDP divided by real GDP and multiplied by a hundred, so it is not computed from a fixed basket of goods at all; it is implied by the two GDP series, and that is exactly why it carries the word implicit.

National income counts only final goods and services; intermediate goods are deliberately left out, because counting the flour as well as the bread would mean counting the same value twice.

The German meteorologist Alfred Wegener put forward the continental drift theory in 1912, holding that all continents once formed a single supercontinent called Pangaea, surrounded by a single ocean called Panthalassa, which later split into Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south.

Its thick ice sheet lifts its average elevation above that of every other continent, and it has no permanent population, only the changing crews of research stations maintained under the Antarctic Treaty system; it is also the coldest, driest and windiest continent and counts as the largest cold desert.

It lies in the North Atlantic and is bounded not by land but by four ocean currents, among them the Gulf Stream, which circle its calm, weed-filled waters; the floating sargassum seaweed gives it its name.

The Bering Strait lies between the eastern tip of Siberia and the western tip of Alaska and joins the Pacific Ocean with the Arctic Ocean; during the ice ages a land bridge across it is believed to have carried the first human migrations into the Americas.

Africa is the only continent through which all four of these lines pass: the Equator crosses its middle, the Tropic of Cancer runs across the Sahara, the Tropic of Capricorn crosses its southern part, and the Prime Meridian passes through its western bulge near Accra.

In that year the International Hydrographic Organization recognised the waters surrounding Antarctica, broadly south of sixty degrees south latitude, as the fifth ocean of the world, which is why older textbooks speak of four oceans and newer ones of five.

It takes its name from India, whose peninsula projects into it, and this is the only case of an ocean named after a nation; it is also unusual in being closed in the north by the Asian landmass, which makes its monsoon-driven currents reverse twice a year.

The Mariana Trench lies in the western Pacific Ocean, east of the Mariana Islands, and its southern end holds the Challenger Deep, close to eleven thousand metres below sea level, named after the British survey ship that sounded it in the nineteenth century.

It is the largest ocean, covering nearly half the total ocean surface, and the deepest, because the Challenger Deep in its Mariana Trench is the deepest known point on earth; its rim of volcanoes and earthquake zones is called the Ring of Fire.

By area the order of the continents is Asia, about 44 million square kilometres, then Africa with about 30 million, North America with about 24 million, South America with about 18 million, Antarctica with about 14 million, Europe with about 10 million and Australia with about 8 million.