Railway GK Questions 2026

A bench of nine judges held in 2017 that the right to privacy is intrinsic to the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21, which became the constitutional basis for India's data protection framework and for the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.

The Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 came into force on 27 October 2009 and made the most important changes to the parent Act: it added section 3A on electronic signatures, inserted the computer-related offences of sections 66A to 66F and 67A to 67C, added section 43A on compensation for failure…

The helpline 1930 is run with the national cyber crime reporting portal by the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre under the Ministry of Home Affairs, and is meant for the quick reporting of online financial fraud so that the transfer of money can be stopped.

Section 3 provides that an electronic record is authenticated by affixing a digital signature created by use of an asymmetric crypto system and a hash function; the hash function reduces the record to a message digest and the signer's private key encrypts it, while anyone can verify it with the…

The First Schedule to the Act excludes certain documents from electronic form: a negotiable instrument other than a cheque, a power of attorney, a trust deed, a will or other testamentary disposition, and any contract for the sale or conveyance of immovable property.

The model law was adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law in 1996 and recommended to member states by the General Assembly, and India's Act follows its scheme for giving legal recognition to electronic records and signatures.

Section 70B, inserted in 2008, appoints the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team as the national nodal agency for collecting, analysing and circulating information on cyber incidents and for issuing advisories; it works under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and was set up in 2004.

Section 66F, inserted by the amendment of 2008, defines cyber terrorism and is the most severely punished offence in the Act, carrying imprisonment which may extend to life.

In 2015 the Supreme Court struck down section 66A, which punished the sending of offensive messages, holding it vague and overbroad and therefore a violation of the freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a).

The Information Technology Act was passed by Parliament in 2000, received assent on 9 June 2000 and came into force on 17 October 2000; it is therefore cited as the Information Technology Act, 2000.

A gravitational wave detector is an L-shaped interferometer whose two arms, each four kilometres long, are watched for the minute change in length produced when a wave from colliding black holes or neutron stars passes through the Earth.

Their instruments, such as the giant sundial called the Samrat Yantra and the hemispherical Jai Prakash Yantra, measured time, declination and the positions of the planets with shadow and sightline alone, and the Jaipur site was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2010.

At that point the gravitational pulls of the Sun and the Earth combine with the orbital motion so that a spacecraft keeps station with the Earth, and from there the Sun can be watched continuously without any eclipse or occultation.

AstroSat was launched on 28 September 2015 by PSLV-C30 from Sriharikota into a near equatorial low Earth orbit.

In 1977 astronomers watched Uranus pass in front of a distant star from the observatory in the Javadi hills, and the dips in the star's light before and after the planet itself crossed showed that rings surround Uranus.

It is now part of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, and its digitised archive of daily photographs of the solar disc, sunspots and the chromosphere is among the longest continuous records of the Sun anywhere, which makes it valuable for the study of long solar cycles.

The Indian Astronomical Observatory sits there at about 4,500 metres in a cold desert, one of the highest and driest observing sites in the world, where very little water vapour and almost no artificial light make the sky exceptionally clear and dark.

The telescope was built in collaboration with Belgium and activated in 2016 on the Devasthal ridge at about 2,450 metres, and the same site carries a 1.3 metre fast optical telescope and the four metre liquid mirror telescope.

Fourteen of them stand close together in a central square of about one kilometre, and the remaining sixteen are spread along three arms in a Y shape stretching some twenty-five kilometres, which gives the array both the sensitivity of a filled aperture and the resolution of a wide one.

The array stands at Khodad, near Narayangaon, about eighty kilometres north of Pune, on flat land chosen for its low level of man-made radio interference, and it is operated by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.