Which of the following is NOT an international award?

The correct answer is B, 1979. The Pritzker Architecture Prize was founded in 1979 by Jay A. Pritzker and Cindy Pritzker through the Hyatt Foundation of the United States, and the first laureate in that year was Philip Johnson of the United States. The award carries one hundred thousand dollars and a bronze medallion inscribed with the Vitruvian words for firmness, usefulness and beauty. A is wrong because 1969 is the year the Booker Prize for fiction was instituted. C is wrong because 1989 is the year of the Goldman Environmental Prize, known as the Green Nobel, and of the Praemium Imperiale. D is wrong because 1999 has no major international prize attached to it and is placed as filler. Candidates should hold the field and the founding year together for each award in this chapter.

The correct answer is B, Balkrishna Doshi. Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi became the first Indian to win the Pritzker Prize when it was conferred on him in 2018; he had trained under Le Corbusier, and his works include the Indian Institute of Management at Bangalore and the Aranya low-cost housing at Indore. A is wrong because Charles Correa, the architect of the Jawahar Kala Kendra at Jaipur, received the Royal Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1984 but never the Pritzker, and he is the strongest distractor in this question. C is wrong because Laurie Baker, the British-born architect who worked in Kerala with low-cost local materials, received the Padma Shri but not the Pritzker. D is wrong because Raj Rewal, known for the Asian Games Village in Delhi, has also not received it.

The correct answer is A, Mother Teresa. The Templeton Prize was established in 1972 by Sir John Templeton for exceptional contribution to affirming the spiritual dimension of life, and Mother Teresa, the founder of the Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata, received the very first award in 1973; she went on to win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. B is wrong because Baba Amte, who worked with leprosy patients at Anandwan in Maharashtra, received the Templeton Prize in 1990. C is wrong because the fourteenth Dalai Lama received it in 2012, long after the first award. D is wrong because Pandurang Shastri Athavale, the founder of the Swadhyaya movement, received it in 1997. All four are genuine recipients, so only the year separates the right answer from the rest.

The correct answer is B, the spiritual dimension of life. Sir John Templeton endowed the prize in 1972 for a living person who has made an exceptional contribution to affirming life's spiritual dimension, whether through insight, discovery or practical works, and he insisted that its value always exceed that of the Nobel Prize. A is wrong because architecture is the field of the Pritzker Prize, founded in 1979. C is wrong because mathematics is covered by the Fields Medal, restricted to those under forty, and by the Abel Prize of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. D is wrong because grassroots environmental activism is recognised by the Goldman Environmental Prize, called the Green Nobel, and partly by the Right Livelihood Award. Matching each prize to its field is the first step in this chapter.

The correct answer is B, the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. The Abel Prize was established in 2002, the bicentenary of the birth of the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel, first awarded in 2003 to Jean-Pierre Serre, and it carries no age limit, so it recognises a lifetime of work. A is wrong because the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences selects the Nobel laureates in physics and chemistry and the economics laureate, but there is no Nobel Prize in mathematics at all. C is wrong because the International Mathematical Union awards the Fields Medal, given every four years to mathematicians under forty. D is wrong because the Association for Computing Machinery awards the Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science. For revision, note that the Fields Medal is the one restricted by age and the Abel the one that is not, and that both exist because Alfred Nobel's will of 1895 named no prize for mathematics.