In which year was the Bharat Ratna instituted?

The correct answer is D, Jawaharlal Nehru. The first three recipients of the Bharat Ratna, all in 1954, were C. Rajagopalachari, the last Governor-General of India, the physicist C. V. Raman and the philosopher S. Radhakrishnan, who later became President. Jawaharlal Nehru received the award in 1955, along with Bhagwan Das and the engineer M. Visvesvaraya, so he belongs to the second set and not the first. Options A, B and C are therefore all part of the 1954 group and cannot be the answer. The question is set in the negative form, which is common in this chapter, so read the stem carefully: it asks who was left out of 1954, not who received the award. Remember the three 1954 names together, since a matching question often uses them.

The correct answer is A, Lal Bahadur Shastri. The original rules of 1954 did not allow a posthumous award; the provision was added in 1955, and the first person honoured after his death was Lal Bahadur Shastri, the second Prime Minister of India, in 1966, the year he died at Tashkent. Option B is wrong because Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel received the award posthumously much later, in 1991. Option C is wrong because Dr B. R. Ambedkar, the chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution, was honoured posthumously in 1990. Option D is wrong because K. Kamaraj, the Tamil Nadu leader, was honoured posthumously in 1976, a decade after Shastri. All four are genuine posthumous recipients, so only the order of years separates them. Note also that the posthumous provision was introduced within a year of the award being instituted, which is why 1954 and 1955 are so often interchanged in this chapter, and that Shastri's award came in the same year as the Tashkent Declaration.

The correct answer is B, Indira Gandhi. Indira Gandhi received the Bharat Ratna in 1971, while she was Prime Minister, and she is the first woman in the list. Option A is wrong because Mother Teresa was honoured in 1980; she is remembered as the first naturalised Indian citizen to receive the award, not the first woman. Option C is wrong because Aruna Asaf Ali, known for her role in the Quit India movement of 1942, was honoured posthumously in 1997. Option D is wrong because M. S. Subbulakshmi received the award in 1998 and is remembered as the first musician to be honoured, a separate first that this question deliberately places among the options. Keep the three firsts apart: first woman in 1971, first naturalised citizen in 1980 and first musician in 1998.

The correct answer is C, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan. The Pashtun leader Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, called the Frontier Gandhi and the founder of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement, received the Bharat Ratna in 1987 and was the first recipient who was not an Indian citizen. Option A is wrong because Nelson Mandela, honoured in 1990, is the second non-Indian recipient, not the first. Option B is wrong because Mother Teresa, born in Skopje, had become an Indian citizen by naturalisation before she was honoured in 1980, so she is counted as an Indian citizen. Option D is wrong because the Dalai Lama has not received the Bharat Ratna, although he is often placed in the options because of his long residence in India. Only two non-Indian citizens appear in the list, and the order of 1987 and 1990 is what the question tests.

The correct answer is A, Sachin Tendulkar. Until December 2011 the Bharat Ratna could be given only for art, literature, science and public service. The rules were then widened to cover any field of human endeavour, and in 2014 Sachin Tendulkar became the first sportsperson to receive the award, along with the scientist C. N. R. Rao. At forty he is also the youngest recipient. Option B is wrong because Major Dhyan Chand, the hockey player, has not received the Bharat Ratna, although his name is frequently proposed and he gives the national sports award its name. Option C is wrong because Milkha Singh received the Padma Shri, not the Bharat Ratna. Option D is wrong because Vishwanathan Anand, the chess grandmaster, received the Padma Vibhushan, a lower civilian honour.