By which treaty did the English East India Company sell Kashmir to Gulab Singh of Jammu in 1846?

The correct answer is B, the Treaty of Mangalore. The Second Anglo-Mysore War, fought from 1780 to 1784, ended with the Treaty of Mangalore signed in 1784 between Tipu Sultan and the English East India Company on the basis of mutual restitution of conquered territory. It is historically important as the last treaty in which an Indian power dictated terms to the Company. Option A is wrong because the Treaty of Madras of 1769 closed the First Anglo-Mysore War fought by Hyder Ali. Option C is wrong because the Treaty of Seringapatam of 1792 ended the Third Anglo-Mysore War and cost Tipu nearly half his kingdom. Option D is wrong because the Treaty of Salbai of 1782 belongs to the First Anglo-Maratha War and had nothing to do with Mysore. Remember also that Hyder Ali died in December 1782, in the middle of the second war.

The correct answer is B, the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799. Lord Wellesley, who wanted every major state inside his subsidiary alliance system, accused Tipu Sultan of corresponding with the French. The war lasted only a few weeks: Srirangapatna was stormed and Tipu died fighting at its gates on 4 May 1799. Mysore was then partitioned, with Kanara, Coimbatore and Seringapatam kept by the Company and the rest restored to the Wodeyar dynasty under a subsidiary treaty. Option A is wrong because Tipu survived the Third Anglo-Mysore War and signed the Treaty of Seringapatam in 1792, giving up half his territory and two sons as hostages. Option C is wrong because 1784 is the year of the Treaty of Mangalore, which Tipu himself signed. Option D is wrong because 1805 belongs to the closing stage of the Second Anglo-Maratha War, when Holkar signed the Treaty of Rajghat.

The correct answer is B, Peshwa Baji Rao II. Defeated by Yashwantrao Holkar at Poona, the Peshwa fled to British protection and signed the Treaty of Bassein on 31 December 1802, accepting a subsidiary alliance under which a British force was stationed in his territory and his foreign relations passed to the Company. The other Maratha chiefs saw this as the sale of the confederacy and went to war, which is why a treaty, not a battle, is treated as the cause of the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Option A is wrong because Mahadji Scindia had died in 1794, well before this treaty. Option C is wrong because Holkar was the chief who drove the Peshwa out and was the last to submit, signing the Treaty of Rajghat in 1805. Option D is wrong because the Bhonsle of Nagpur fought on and signed the Treaty of Deogaon in 1803 after his defeat.

The correct answer is C, the Treaty of Salbai, about twenty years. Signed in 1782 during the governor-generalship of Warren Hastings, the Treaty of Salbai restored to each side the territory held before the war, recognised Madhavrao II as Peshwa and gave the Company and the Marathas roughly twenty years of peace, until the Treaty of Bassein upset the balance in 1802. Option A is wrong because the Treaty of Purandhar of 1776 was made by the Calcutta Council to cancel the Bombay government engagement and came before the fighting, not after it. Option B is wrong because the Treaty of Surat of 1775, by which Bombay backed Raghunathrao, actually began the war. Option D is wrong because the Treaty of Bassein of 1802 started the Second Anglo-Maratha War rather than ending the first. The British humiliation at Wadgaon in 1779 falls within this same war.

The correct answer is B, Lord Hastings, the Marquess of Hastings, who must not be confused with Warren Hastings. He fought the Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1817 to 1818 as one campaign against the Pindaris and the Maratha chiefs, defeating the Peshwa at Khadki, the Bhonsle at Sitabuldi and Holkar at Mahidpur. Baji Rao II surrendered in June 1818 and was pensioned to Bithur near Kanpur, the office of Peshwa was abolished and a small kingdom of Satara was created for a descendant of Shivaji. Option A is wrong because Lord Wellesley fought the Second Anglo-Maratha War from 1803 to 1805. Option C is wrong because Lord Cornwallis is associated with the Third Anglo-Mysore War and the Permanent Settlement of 1793. Option D is wrong because Lord Dalhousie came much later and is remembered for annexing Punjab in 1849 and for the Doctrine of Lapse.