Indian History Quiz: World History: Nationalism in Europe and the Unification of Italy and Germany

Mazzini, a member of the Carbonari who had been sent into exile, founded Young Italy at Marseilles in 1831 and a wider society, Young Europe, at Berne in 1834.

As the Franco-Prussian War ended, the German princes assembled in the Hall of Mirrors of the French royal palace at Versailles and proclaimed Wilhelm I of Prussia as German Emperor on 18 January 1871.

The Zollverein was formed in 1834 under Prussian leadership. It removed the internal customs duties that had made trade between the German states slow and costly and reduced the number of currencies in circulation, so a single economic space existed long before a single political one.

In May 1860 Garibaldi sailed from Genoa with roughly a thousand volunteers, known from their uniform as the Red Shirts, landed in Sicily and then crossed to the mainland and took Naples from the Bourbon rulers of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

The Austro-Prussian War of 1866, often called the Seven Weeks War, was decided at Sadowa, also known as Koniggratz, where the Prussian army defeated Austria.

On 17 March 1861 Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont was proclaimed King of Italy by the first Italian parliament, after the war of 1859 had taken Lombardy and Garibaldi's campaign of 1860 had added the south.

Cavour judged that Sardinia-Piedmont could not defeat Austria alone, and at Plombieres in July 1858 he reached a secret understanding with Napoleon III for French military help in a war against Austria.

The parliament elected in May 1848 met in the Church of St Paul at Frankfurt, drafted a constitution for a German nation headed by a monarch answerable to a parliament, and offered that crown to the Prussian king.

The Treaty of Frankfurt ended the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and transferred the industrial border provinces of Alsace and most of Lorraine to the new German Empire, along with a heavy war indemnity.

Otto von Bismarck was appointed Minister-President of Prussia in 1862 by Wilhelm I to break a deadlock with the liberal parliament over army spending, and he told that parliament that the great questions of the day would be settled not by speeches and majority votes but by blood and iron.

Nineteenth century artists gave nations the form of a woman: Marianne for France, carrying the red cap and the tricolour, and Germania for the German nation, wearing a crown of oak leaves because the German oak was the symbol of heroism.