Computer Awareness Mixed Quiz: Set 22

The correct answer is D, All of the options. Flash memory, ROM and a hard drive all keep their contents after the power is switched off, and that is exactly what non-volatile means. Computer memory falls into two families. Volatile memory, such as RAM and cache, needs a constant supply of power, so its contents vanish the moment the machine is shut down, which is why unsaved work is lost in a power cut. Non-volatile memory stores data permanently: ROM carries the BIOS and other start-up instructions, flash memory runs pen drives, memory cards and SSDs, and a hard disk records files magnetically on spinning platters. Option A is incomplete, because flash memory is only one of the three examples given. Option B is incomplete, because ROM is non-volatile but so are the other two. Option C is incomplete for the same reason. Exam tip: RAM and cache are volatile; ROM, flash, SSD, hard disk, CD and DVD are non-volatile.

The correct answer is B, Datasheet. In a database such as Microsoft Access, the view that shows a table as rows and columns, looking like a spreadsheet grid, is called Datasheet view. Each row of that grid is one record and each column is one field, and the names along the top come from the field names set in Design view. Datasheet view lets you type data straight in, sort it, filter it and widen columns, while Design view is where the data type, field size and primary key are fixed. Queries and forms can also be opened in Datasheet view, so the name belongs to the display format, not to one object. Option A is wrong because a record is a single row of the grid, one complete entry, not the grid itself. Option C is wrong because a query is a saved question that pulls out selected rows; it is a database object. Option D is wrong because 'Tables' names the objects being displayed, while the question asks what the grid-like view is called. Exam tip: Access tables have two main views — Datasheet for data, Design for structure.

The correct answer is C, HTTP. HTTP, the HyperText Transfer Protocol, is the application-layer protocol a browser uses to ask a web server for a page and to receive the HTML, images and scripts that make it up. It works as a request and response cycle: the browser sends a request such as GET, and the server answers with a status code, 200 for success, 404 when the page is missing and 500 for a server error. HTTPS is the same protocol wrapped in TLS encryption, which is why banking and login pages show a padlock. Option A is wrong because FTP, the File Transfer Protocol, moves files between a client and a server rather than rendering pages. Option B is wrong because SMTP, the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, is used to send email. Option D is wrong because ARP, the Address Resolution Protocol, maps an IP address to a hardware MAC address inside a local network. Exam tip: HTTP for web pages, FTP for files, SMTP to send mail, POP3 and IMAP to receive it.

The correct answer is C, Graphics. In multimedia, graphics is the broad word for every kind of visual element a computer can store and show, so drawings, photographs, movies and simulations all sit inside it. The usual list of multimedia elements is text, graphics, audio, video and animation, and in that list graphics covers both pictures made by hand on the screen and pictures captured from the real world. Graphics are stored either as bitmaps, made of pixels, as in a JPEG or BMP photograph, or as vectors, made of lines and curves described by equations, as in a drawing or a CAD file. A is wrong because animation is only one kind of visual, a sequence of frames shown fast enough to look like movement. B is wrong because an image is a single still picture, so it is narrower than the four things listed. D is wrong because text is made of characters and carries no picture. Exam tip: multimedia elements are text, graphics, audio, video and animation; bitmap graphics use pixels, vector graphics use equations.

The correct answer is C, 11000110. Each hexadecimal digit stands for exactly four binary digits, so a two-digit hex number becomes an eight-bit binary number. Here C is 12 in decimal, which is 1100 in binary, and 6 is 0110. Writing the two groups side by side gives 1100 0110, that is 11000110. A quick check confirms it: 11000110 in binary is 128 plus 64 plus 4 plus 2, which is 198, and C6 in hex is 12 times 16 plus 6, again 198. This four-bits-per-digit shortcut is why hexadecimal is used to write memory addresses and colour codes compactly. Option A is wrong because 10010110 is hex 96. Option B is wrong because 11000100 is hex C4, so its second digit is 4 and not 6. Option D is wrong because 10100110 is hex A6, so its first digit is A. Exam tip: learn the four-bit groups, 8 is 1000, A is 1010, C is 1100 and F is 1111.

The correct answer is C, Netscape. Netscape Navigator, released in 1994 by Netscape Communications, the company founded by Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark, was the first web browser sold as a commercial product. It was the browser that carried the web to ordinary users in the mid nineties and at its peak held most of the market, before losing the browser war to Internet Explorer. A is wrong because Mosaic, built in 1993 at the NCSA of the University of Illinois, was the first widely used graphical browser but was academic software given away free, not a commercial product. B is wrong because Mozilla is the open source project born in 1998 from Netscape's released source code; its browser Firefox came in 2004 and is free. D is wrong because Internet Explorer arrived in 1995 and was bundled free with Windows rather than sold. Exam tip: Mosaic 1993 first popular graphical browser, Netscape Navigator 1994 first commercial browser, Firefox 2004 from the Mozilla project.

The correct answer is B, transparent. SMART governance is the standard shorthand for the aim of administrative reform in India, and it expands to simple, moral, accountable, responsive and transparent government; e-governance is treated as the means by which each of these five qualities becomes possible, since an online process is simpler, leaves a record, can be tracked and can be published. Option A is wrong because technical describes a means rather than a quality of governance and has never been part of the acronym. Option C is wrong because targeted belongs to the language of subsidy delivery, as in targeted public distribution, not to this acronym. Option D is wrong because timely, though desirable, is not the word used; the trap works because both timely and transparent begin with a plausible sound for the letter T.

The correct answer is A, REL. An external stylesheet is attached to a page with a link tag written inside the head section, and the tag needs two things: href, which gives the address of the CSS file, and rel, which tells the browser what the linked file is for. Writing rel equals stylesheet is what marks the file as a set of style rules; leave rel out and the browser has no reason to treat the file as CSS, so the page appears unstyled. B is wrong because style is a separate way of writing CSS, either as a style block in the head or as an attribute on one element, and it has no part in linking an external file. C is wrong because body holds the visible content of the page while the link tag belongs in the head. D is wrong because html is the root element that wraps the whole document and has nothing to do with loading a stylesheet. Exam tip: link rel equals stylesheet with href, placed in the head.

The correct answer is A, the national cloud computing initiative. MeghRaj is the name given to the Government of India Cloud, usually shortened to GI Cloud, under which government departments obtain their computing and storage from a common set of government managed data centres rather than each building its own. The aim is to cut duplicated hardware, shorten the time taken to launch an e-governance application and let departments pay only for what they use, and the name itself joins the Hindi word for cloud to the idea of governance. Option B is wrong because India's weather satellites belong to the INSAT series and the observation work is done by the India Meteorological Department, not by a cloud programme. Option C is wrong because rural connectivity is the business of the BharatNet optical fibre programme. Option D is wrong because digital payments run on the Unified Payments Interface and related systems built by the National Payments Corporation of India. Learn MeghRaj together with the three service models, since a question often pairs them.

The correct answer is A, Program counter. In the 8085A microprocessor the program counter is a 16-bit register that always holds the memory address of the next instruction, or op-code, to be fetched. After each fetch it is incremented automatically, and a jump or call instruction loads a new address into it so that control moves elsewhere in the program. Two other registers of the 8085 are often confused with it. The accumulator is the 8-bit register A in which arithmetic and logic results are stored. The stack pointer is a 16-bit register holding the address of the top of the stack, used while saving return addresses and register contents. B and C are wrong for those reasons. D is wrong because instruction pointer is the name Intel's later x86 processors use for the same idea; the 8085 register is called the program counter. Exam tip: 8085 has an 8-bit accumulator and 16-bit program counter and stack pointer.

The correct answer is B, second. The generations of computers are named for the switching device they use, and the second generation, running from the late 1950s into the early 1960s, replaced the bulky vacuum tube with the transistor, which had been invented at Bell Laboratories in 1947. Transistor machines were smaller, cooler, cheaper and far more reliable, and IBM 1401 and IBM 7094 are the usual examples. Option D is wrong because the first generation used vacuum tubes or valves, as in ENIAC and UNIVAC-I. Option C is wrong because the third generation moved on to integrated circuits, many transistors on a single chip, as in the IBM 360. Option A is wrong because the fourth generation is defined by the microprocessor and very large scale integration, which began with the Intel 4004 in 1971.

The correct answer is D, the operating system will return an error indicating that the directory is not empty. The plain remove-directory command is built to delete an empty folder only. In Windows it is rmdir, also written rd, and in Linux it is rmdir; both stop with a message such as "The directory is not empty" when anything is still inside. To remove a folder along with everything in it you have to ask for it: rmdir /s in Windows or rm -r in Linux, which walks through the tree, deletes the contents and then the folder. This guard exists so that a single short command cannot wipe out a large tree by mistake. Option A is wrong because nothing inside is touched without the recursive switch. Option B is wrong because a file system cannot leave files with no parent folder; the entries go together or not at all. Option C is wrong because the plain command does not ask item by item, which is what an interactive option like rm -i does. Exam tip: rmdir empties only, rm -r for the whole tree.

The correct answer is A, 8 bit. A microprocessor is named after the width of its data bus, that is, the number of bits it can carry in and out in a single operation. Here there are eight data lines, so eight bits move at a time and the chip is an 8-bit microprocessor; the Intel 8085 is the classic example, with eight data lines and sixteen address lines. B is wrong because the sixteen address lines decide only how much memory the processor can reach, which is two raised to the power sixteen, or 65,536 locations, and not the name of the processor. C is wrong because 20 address lines belong to the Intel 8086 family, which could address one megabyte, and address lines again do not fix the bit size. D is wrong because a 32-bit processor would need thirty-two data lines. The rule to remember is simple: data lines give the bit size, address lines give the memory capacity.

The correct answer is B, Half-duplex. Data can travel between two devices in three modes. In half-duplex mode both devices can send and receive, but only one of them may transmit at any given moment, so the traffic takes turns; a walkie-talkie is the standard example, and older hubs and CB radio worked the same way. In simplex mode data moves in one direction only, as from a keyboard to the computer or from a radio station to a receiver. In full-duplex mode both sides can send and receive at the same time, as in a telephone call or on a modern switched network. A is wrong because simplex allows no return traffic at all. C is wrong because three-quarters duplex is not a recognised mode. D is wrong because only one of the listed modes fits the description. Exam tip: simplex is one way, half-duplex is both ways by turns, full-duplex is both ways together.

The correct answer is B, Point to Point Protocol. PPP is a data-link layer protocol that carries data directly between two nodes over a single link, such as a telephone line, a leased line or a serial cable. It became familiar through dial-up internet access, where a home computer used PPP to reach its service provider, and it survives in broadband as PPPoE, that is PPP over Ethernet. PPP does three jobs: it frames the data, it can authenticate the user through PAP or CHAP, and it can carry several network protocols over the same link. It replaced the older SLIP, which offered neither error checking nor authentication. Option A is wrong because the first word of the name is Point, not Packet. Option C is wrong because the second word is also Point, so packet appears nowhere in the name. Option D is wrong because it replaces both words and is not a protocol name at all. Exam tip: PPP joins exactly two points at the data-link layer, and PPPoE is its broadband form.

The correct answer is A, Write Once, Read Many. WORM describes a storage medium on which data can be written a single time and after that only read, never altered or erased. A CD-R or a DVD-R is the everyday example, because once the disc has been burnt the marks made in its dye layer are permanent. Since the record cannot be changed later, WORM media are used for archives, bank and hospital records, court evidence and audit trails, where proof that nothing was tampered with matters more than the freedom to edit. Modern systems offer the same guarantee in software on hard disks and cloud storage. B is wrong because Word On RAM Memory is not a storage term at all. C is wrong because it mixes optical recognition with malware, and the worm that is malware is an ordinary word, not an acronym. D is wrong because WORM has nothing to do with wireless working. Exam tip: WORM means Write Once Read Many, as on CD-R and DVD-R, and is used for tamper-proof archives.

The correct answer is D, the input tag with its type attribute set to checkbox. HTML has no separate checkbox element at all. Every simple form control is written with the single input tag, and the type attribute decides what the browser draws, whether that is text, password, radio, checkbox, submit, file or hidden. So a checkbox is made by writing input and setting type to checkbox, while the name and value attributes tell the server which boxes were ticked. Several checkboxes may share one name, which lets a user pick more than one answer; radio buttons that share a name allow only one choice. Option A is wrong because checkbox is written there as a bare word instead of as the value of the type attribute. Option B is wrong because no checkbox element exists in HTML. Option C is wrong because the equals sign is placed straight after the tag name rather than inside a proper attribute. Exam tip: one input tag, many controls, and the type attribute is what changes.

The correct answer is C, C2B. In the consumer-to-business model the consumer names the price or the terms and the business then accepts or declines the offer, so the usual direction of an offer is reversed. Reverse-auction travel sites, where a traveller bids a price for a hotel room, and freelancers who quote their own rate to companies are everyday examples. The model spread with the internet, which let one individual reach many firms at once. A is wrong because B2B commerce is trade between two businesses, such as a parts maker supplying a car factory. B is wrong because B2C commerce is a business selling directly to the end consumer, as a shopping website does. D is wrong because C2C commerce links one consumer with another through a platform, as online classified and resale sites do. Exam tip: read the pair in order - the first letter is who makes the offer, the second is who responds, so in C2B the consumer sets the price.

The correct answer is C, TCP. The Transmission Control Protocol decides how data is exchanged across the internet and breaks a message into numbered packets that IP then carries to the destination. At the receiving end TCP puts the packets back in order, checks them and asks for any that are missing, which is why it is called a connection-oriented and reliable protocol. It works with IP as the TCP/IP suite, the foundation of the internet, and was designed by Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn. A is wrong because PPP, the Point-to-Point Protocol, only links two nodes directly, as in a dial-up connection. B is wrong because HTTP is an application layer protocol for transferring web pages. D is wrong because SMTP is the application layer protocol that sends email between mail servers. Exam tip: separate the layers - TCP and IP work at the transport and network layers, while HTTP, SMTP and FTP sit at the application layer.

The correct answer is C, third generation. The IBM System/360, announced in 1964, was built around integrated circuits, and the integrated circuit is exactly what defines the third generation of computers; the series is also remembered for introducing a single compatible family of machines of different sizes. Option B is wrong because the first generation used vacuum tubes, the era of ENIAC, EDVAC and UNIVAC-I. Option A is wrong because the second generation used discrete transistors, the era of the IBM 1401 and IBM 7094. Option D is wrong because the fourth generation is the age of the microprocessor and the personal computer, which began after the Intel 4004 of 1971 and gave us the IBM PC of 1981. Integrated circuits were invented in 1958 by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.